Handwriting Definition, Examples, and Discussions

Handwriting is writing done by hand with a pen, pencil, digital stylus, or another instrument. The art, skill, or manner of handwriting is called penmanship. Handwriting in which successive letters are joined is called cursive script. Handwriting in which the letters are separated (as block letters) is called manuscript style or printing. Decorative handwriting (as well as the art of producing decorative handwriting) is called calligraphy. Examples and Observations Legible, fast and personal handwriting, like the other secretarial skills, will develop most effectively within purposeful writing contexts where pride in the writers own work links with a respect for the needs of the reader. (Michael Lockwood, Opportunities for English in the Primary School. Trentham Books, 1996)Technology seems to have ruined our collective handwriting ability. The digital age, with its typing and its texting, has left us unable to jot down the simplest of notes with anything like penmanship. A third of us cant even read our own writing, let alone anyone elses, according to a survey by the not-entirely-unbiased print and post specialists Docmail. (Rin Hamburgh, The Lost Art of Handwriting. The Guardian, August 21, 2013) Teaching and Learning Handwriting Given effective teaching, handwriting can be mastered by most pupils by the time they are seven or eight years old, enabling them, with practice, to go on to develop a faster and more mature hand ready for secondary school and adult life..To avoid handwriting practice becoming tedious, most teachers have a policy of little and often, rather than having fewer prolonged sessions; they may also utilise stories and story characters to represent letter shapes. Whatever approach is adopted, children need to be relaxed yet able to concentrate and (for right-handers) encouraged to hold a pencil between the thumb and forefinger with the pencil resting on the third finger.(Denis Hayes, Encyclopedia of Primary Education. Routledge, 2010)Let the pen glideLike gently rolling stream,Restless, but yetUnwearied and serene;Forming and blending forms,With graceful ease.Thus, letter, word and lineAre born to please.(Platt Rogers Spencer, originator of the Spencerian system of cursive handwriting, popul ar in the U.S. in the 19th century. Quoted by William E. Henning in An Elegant Hand: The Golden Age of American Penmanship and Calligraphy. Oak Knoll Press, 2002)All but five states [in the U.S.] no longer require the teaching of cursive handwriting in public elementary schools. Cooper Union, one of the nations premier art schools ... no longer offers a calligraphy major. And social stationery, the horse to calligraphys carriage, is in decline, as computer fonts and online invitation services offer cheaper, quicker alternatives. (Gena Feith, With Pen in Hand, He Battles On. The Wall Street Journal, September 3, 2012) The "Magic" of Handwriting Whether you use a pencil, a pen, an old typewriter or something electrical is largely irrelevant to the result, although there is magic in writing by hand. Its not just that it has been that way for 5,000 years or more, and has engraved upon our expectations of literature the effects associated with the pen--the pauses; considerations; sometimes the racing; the scratching out; the transportation of words and phrases with arrows, lines and circles; the closeness of the eyes to the page; the very touching of the page--but that the pen, not being a machine (it does not meet the scientific definition of a machine), is a surrender to a different power than those of mere speed and efficiency. In short, a pen (somehow) helps you think and feel. And although once you find a pen you like youll probably stick with it the way an addict sticks with heroin, it can be anything from a Mont Blanc to a Bic. (Mark Helprin, Skip the Paris Cafà ©s and Get a Good Pen. The Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2012) Digital Handwriting Even after the invention of the typewriter, many great writers stuck with longhand. Hemingway slashed out his words in pen and ink while standing at a specially made desk, and Margaret Mitchell scribbled Gone With the Wind in dozens of composition notebooks. But with the rise of the keyboard, and, more recently, the touchscreen, it seems as if pen-and-paper lovers are out of luck. Think again. While the technology that enables artists to draw accurately on touch screens has been with us for most of this decade, only recently have computer and tablet users been able to draw or write directly onto a screen using pens so sensitive they can change the appearance of the sketched lines depending on drawing speed and hand pressure... Except for the Livescribe pen, none of these devices precisely mimics the experience of writing on paper. But these styluses reproduce hand motions with enough fidelity to record notes with plenty of detail, and the handwriting recognition built into Windows 7 ensures your hastily jotted shopping list won’t read like Absurdist poetry. (John Biggs, Hand-Held Tools for Digital Scribblers. The New York Times, June 30, 2011) The Three Elements of Fine Penmanship Americas fine penmanship of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—whether basic handwriting, pointed-pen calligraphy, or something in between—was founded mainly on three elements: the appreciation of good letter-forms, the knowledge of good position (of fingers, hand, wrist, arm, etc.), and the mastery of correct movement (of fingers, hand, wrist, and arm). [Joseph] Carstairs and [Benjamin] Foster described a full range of movement techniques—whole arm, forearm, finger, combined movements—and these techniques (and terminology) were soon adopted by the Spencerians and others who came later. (William E. Henning, An Elegant Hand: The Golden Age of American Penmanship and Calligraphy. Oak Knoll Press, 2002) The Connection Between Handwriting and Spelling According to [E.] Bearne ([Making Progress in English,] 1998), the connection between handwriting and spelling relates to kinaesthetic memory, that is the way we internalize things through repeated movements. Forming letter shapes in the air, or in sand, with paint, with a finger on the table, on paper with a pencil or pen, or even writing out misspellings several times encourages the kinaesthetic memory for the particular movements. [M.L.] Peters ([Spelling: Caught or Taught,] 1985) similarly discussed perceptuo-motor ability and argued that carefulness in handwriting goes hand in hand with swift handwriting, which in turn influences spelling ability. Children who can fluently write letter strings such as -ing, -able, -est, -tion, -ous are more likely to remember how to spell words containing those strings. (Dominic Wyse and Russell Jones, Teaching English, Language and Literacy, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2008) The Poor Handwriting of Great Writers Before the blessed invention of the typewriter, printers used to wind up with the screaming meemies trying to decipher the manuscripts sent to them by publishers. According to Herbert Mayes, the erudite magazine editor, printers refused to work with Balzacs manuscripts more than an hour at a time. Mayes also reports that Hawthornes writing was almost indecipherable, and Byrons a mere scrawl. Someone described Carlyles handwriting in a manner reminiscent of mine: Eccentric and spiteful little flourishes dart about his manuscript in various odd ways, sometimes evidently intended as a cross to a t, but constantly recoiling in absurd fashion, as if attempting a somersault and destroying the entire word from which they sprung. Some letters slope in one way, and some another, some are halt, maimed and crippled, and all are blind. Montaigne and Napoleon, Mayes further reveals, couldnt read their own writing. Sydney Smith said of his calligraphy that it was as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs. (Sydney J. Harris, Strictly Personal. Henry Regnery Company, 1953)

Essay on Academic vs Mainstream Writing - 877 Words

There are many differences between articles written for scholars and articles written for popular audiences. According to Anne Johns, the author of â€Å"Discourse Communities and Communities of Practice,† there are ten conventions or moves that exist only in academic prose and when violated, author is seen as an outsider of the discourse community. John Swales (â€Å"Create a Research Space† (CARS) Model Research Introductions) and Ken Hyland also talk about writing and the similarities between all academic writing in â€Å"Create a Research Space† (CARS) Model Research Instructions and â€Å"Disciplinary Courses†. Based on research by Swales, Hyland, and Johns on academic writing, and research by Jeanne Fahnestock, Charles Sullivan and Cameron M. Smith on†¦show more content†¦(1b) CNN â€Å"Koreans use the term â€Å"hallyu† to describe the phenomenon. It refers to the â€Å"Korean Wave† of entertainment that has swept across the shores of almost every single country in the region, even increasingly beyond† (Farrar 1). The passages above are saying essentially the same thing, however, the one published by CNN is not as detailed as the scholarly one, and it only gives enough information for readers to know what the Korean Wave is. Also, in academic articles there are no pictures because unlike popular writers, scholars do not rely on pictures as a medium of capturing their readers’ attention or interest them in reading the article. The Structure of Mainstream Articles Mainstream articles tend to be 1-3 pages long, but page length is not the only difference from academic articles. Headlines are also a big aspect in popular as it is one of the mediums used to get people to read the article, even though at times the headline may not always be related to the content of the article. In popular articles you will see pictures and for online magazines you also see advertisements for different products, this is because unlike scholars, mainstream writers dependShow MoreRelatedCourse Study Guide Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 1 1. Explain the history of structured English immersion in Arizona. Lau vs. Nicols 1974 decided that non-English speaking children thrown into English classes and told to â€Å"sink or swim† violated their civil rights. Under the Supreme Court decision, schools were required to provide material and teaching necessary to help ELL students with the language. No more language based discrimination. Flores vs. Arizona 1992 argued that Arizona was not paying enough funds and adequate programsRead MoreTow Way Immersion Education Programs in the United States1864 Words   |  7 Pagesthe US. 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In the present paper the role of the teacher and specific research-based literacy strategies for ELLs is investigated. Teacher’sRead More The Importance of Educational Improvements in California Schools3272 Words   |  14 Pagesdeficiencies in order to â€Å"open instructional programs to all students.† Furthermore, the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 requires districts to take â€Å"appropriate action† to educate English learners. In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Lau vs. Nichols that the San Francisco school system violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by â€Å"denying non-English speaking students of Chinese ancestry a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public educational program.† The decision stated measuresRead MoreImpressionism vs Post - impressionism1880 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Impressionism vs Post Impressionism Modern culture is believed to be the brainchild of two versions of the Protestant worldview: the northern French positivism and irrationalism. 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However, after several years of scholarly development of S-D logic in the form of academic articles, books and conferences, there still seems to be some confusion regarding what S-D logic actually is, and more importantly, its status as an intellectual device: a theory, a model, a paradigm or a ‘pre-paradigmatic lens’ (Vargo, 2007b:Read MoreGlass Ceiling and the Effects on Women3053 Words   |  13 Pagesinterviews with a university placement counselor. This recent graduate has an impressive resume, which lists her outstanding academic achievements. It is clear to the interviewer the graduate’s ability to multi-task while raising a family, working part-time and managing classes. Most of the attendees at the job fair are male, mid-twenties, aggressive and with similar academic achievements. The advice from the placement counselor was honest and straightforward, so he thought. The counselor statedRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. 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Sexual Discrimination in the Workplace Free Essays

Canada is composed of people from all walks of life and from every race, color,creed and ethnic background imaginable. Despite our varied lifestyles and beliefs, we areall equal and are entitled to the same treatment before the law and in the workplace. Although we have this diversity, discrimination is something that unfortunately, mostpeople have to deal with it at some point in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Discrimination in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now Provincial human rights codes tryto prevent this unpleasantness, by prohibiting any type of discrimination in service,accommodations and employment. Zero tolerance grounds are based on Discrimination by: race, gender, ancestry, place of origin, color, citizenship, creed, sexual orientation,age, family status and handicap. Discrimination can also include harassment based on both race, and ethnic origin, as well as sexual harassment. Despite these codes, discrimination is not guaranteed to never occur. In fact,everyday people lose their jobs or promotions because of discrimination, and women areharassed at work or people with disabilities are denied opportunities. Harassment, whether by a supervisor or co-worker, creates a barriere to equality by demeaning its victims, interfering with their ability to work effectively and, in some instances, even forcing them to resign. Eventhough there is plenty of publicity surrounding this issue, studies consistently show that women continue to face harassment in the workplace. No organization can afford to lose the talent of its female staff because of outdated attitudes, the imposition of higher standards for women, or a failure to give women the opportunity to acquire relevant experience in key areas of the organization. There is a need for employers to take a hard look at lingering stereotypes and misconceptions and to ensure that high-potential women benefit equally with men from career-enhancing. Although it is not often spoken of, there are occasionally occurrences of sexual discrimination against men. Imagine a day-care center where 12 women and one male work. You are a first time mother and for the first time you are leaving your two year old child in the care of someone else for an entire day. Many women would be likely to ask for their child to remain in the care of strictly some females, due to their loving caring nature and maternal instincts. If you think about this it is obvious how males could getdiscriminated against by women, it is just not reported as often because most men do not want all that attention, and feel it would be better to just forget about it. Employers have a responsibility to: I) provide a working environment that is free from harassment and discrimination; and, ii) deal effectively, quickly and fairly with any situations involving claims of harassment or discrimination that come to their attention. Employers could be held liable by a court or tribunal if they or their managers do not act to put an end to discrimination or harassment in their workplaces. There are several questions that are not allowed to be asked of an employee not only surrounding gender. For example questions about or relating to physical characteristics such as color of eyes, hair, height, weight, or requests for photographs. Questions about speaking English or French fluently, unless to do so is a reasonable and bonafide requirement for the position are also strictly prohibited. Questions about or relating to religious affiliation, religious institutions attended, religious holidays, customs observed,willingness to work on a specific day which may conflict with requirements of a particular faith (e. . Saturday or Sunday Sabbath days)are also against the law. The human rights laws however do come in handy as a way for victims to fight back. How a human rights complaint is handled varies from country to country. In Ontario an individual who believes he or she has been the victim of some form of discrimination asserts his or her rights by filing a complaint with the human rights commission. The complaint is then investigated by an officer of the commission who will try to reach a settlement with the parties involved. If the officers attempts to arrive at a settlement fail and it is concluded that the complaint has merit, a recommendation will be made to the Minister of Labor to appoint a board of inquiry. The board will then conduct a formal hearing, where both parties have the opportunity to present their cases. In Ontario, the board of inquiry has the authority to direct the offending party to do anything necessary to comply with the code, such as ordering restitution for monetary loss and awarding up to $10 000 for mental anguish. When a formal complaint to the human rights commission is made, it can get very expensive an time consuming for the company. As a general rule, the commission publishes settlements and awards that are viewed as having a public education value, thus damaging the company†s reputation. Aside from both the cost and the damage to the company†s reputation employers should recognize that promoting an equal opportunity work place can also help motivate employees and improve a company†s performance. Apart from the adverse publicity, human rights laws have penalties such as a monetary awards, public apologies, reinstatement of employees or orders of financial compensation for lost time, expenses incurred, and damages to professional or personal reputation and fires. Human rights officials can also order companies to make a job offer to a complainant, begin an affirmative action program in the company or sen staff to the discrimination awareness seminars. If a company has a government contract , the board may even seek cancellation of that contract. To avoid the above consequences there are five steps that can be followed to ensure equal opportunity in any workplace. The first step is to make a clear corporate commitment to human rights. Senior executives should declare their commitment and be accountable at each tier of the management structure. There should be a written policy on discrimination distributed to every member of the company. The second step is to examine recruiting procedures. Employers should look for anything that may offend the aw, such as unusual language or physical requirements, unless it can be proven essential to the job. Application forms should be reviewed and interviews should avoid any conduct or comments that could be perceived as discriminatory. The third step is to monitor the workplace. Management has an obligation to intervene if there is any evidence of harassment or discriminatory behavior. Consider providing a hotline whereby employees can report to. Harvey†s, which is operated by CARA limited, has a fairly complex yet easy to follow policy, that other companies could follow. It is five page typed policy that was last updated in May of 1995. It defines sexual harassment as â€Å"deliberate and unsolicited and can be offensive sexual comments, gestures or physical contact that are unwanted or offensive either on a first time basis or as a continuous series of incidents. It may also involve favours, promises of favours, advantages in return for giving in to sexual advances or, the threat of revenge for refusing them. It states that flirtation, or a workplace romance between two consenting persons is not harassment. (Cara Operations limited, 1) Teammates who feel that they are being sexually harassed should immediately SAY NO!!!!! The employee is responsible of immediately making sure that the offender is out of line and that the behaviour is totally inappropriate. 2) The employee is encouraged to approach his or her supervisor and/or a member of the Human Resource Team for guidance. 3) The employee is encouraged to immediately file a complaint with the Human Resource Department. There are also five steps that management guarantees they will take when a complaint of harassment is filed. First they will ensure than an examination of the complaint will take place immediately. Next they will advise the alleged person that a complaint has been lodged. Then an interview with all persons involved will take place. Interviews will be taken with any witnesses followed by a clearly, accurately filled out document. On the final page of the policy, there is a section entitled â€Å"corrective action†. It basically states that is an offender is found guilty he/she will be terminated. It also states that if it is found that someone has intentionally wrongfully accused someone then he/she will be terminated as well. Other methods of corrective action that are stated are suspension, or loss of responsibilities. As you have seen sexual discrimination and harassment are two acts that go hand and hand, and unfortunately they are both issues that are delt with much too often. If all workplaces joined together and made similar policies that are strictly enforced, perhaps our world would be a little more equal, and discrimination would be unheard of. How to cite Sexual Discrimination in the Workplace, Essay examples

Cormac McCarthy Biography free essay sample

Both athletes and fans believe that audience support (e. g. , cheering) is one of the top influences on a teams success, particularly at home when the crowd is predominantly supportive, possibly contributing to reported home-field advantage (Courneya Carron, 1992). Yet there are few experimental investigations of whether distinctive types of audience feedback have differential effects on athletes performance of particular sports skills. In this study, college athletes performed a familiar task in their respective sport (pitching, free throw shooting, hitting a golf ball) n front of audiences who cheered, Jeered, and remained silent, depending on the assigned condition. Basketball players free throw performance was unaffected by audience condition, but Jeers hurt performance for baseball pitchers, and Jeers and cheers resulted in worse performance for golfers. Audiences or fans can impact performance, but impact may depend on sport, the specific sport skill, and specific audience behavior. Implications for understanding the role of audiences and home- field advantage are considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Cormac McCarthy Biography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are a number of factors that can influence an athletes performance during a game other than the athletes skill. Athletes must perform in front of crowds in every game, and crowds express their feelings about athletes performances by, for instance, cheering (supporting them) or Jeering (discouraging them). The presence of such an audience may affect team and individual athlete performance. Social facilitation has been characterized as the effect of observers on individual performance (Butler Baumeister, 1998; ZaJonc, 1965). In general, research shows the presence of one or more spectators can enhance performance if the skill is easy or well learned, but performance may decrease if the task is difficult or unfamiliar (Cottrell, Wack, Sekerak, Rittle, 1968; Forgas, Brennan, Howe, Kane, Sweet, 1980; Strauss, 2002a; ZaJonc, 1965). For example, in one of the earliest studies on social facilitation, Travis (1925) found that participants engaged in a pursuit-rotor task performed significantly better (made fewer tracking

Know what came before free essay sample

A wise man once said: In order to know yourself, you have to know those that came before you. That man didn’t just say those words; he lives by them, and I know this because that wise man is my grandfather. In 1996, he immigrated to the United States with the sole purpose of caring for me and my sister. The decision to leave behind sixty-five years of history and relationships was understandably difficult, and my grandfather was asked to fit his entire life into two tattered suitcases. The first he filled with clothes and books; the second with hundreds of photographs. Faded memories of long lost relatives gazing back at us in a sad nostalgia, and as I thumbed through the prints with my grandfather, I saw his face light up with a yearning to go back to those happy times. In Russia, the affectionate word for grandfather is Atkai. We will write a custom essay sample on Know what came before or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s a word that conveys boundless respect and adulation. When I was growing up, he was both my teacher and my playmate; both my mentor and my friend. In the Soviet Union, he had published over 50 articles and held a PhD in microbiology as a respected veterinarian for forty years. In the United States, he was reduced to bagging groceries at Jewel-Osco for minimum wage so that my grandma could get health benefits. Even so, he would devote every free moment of his time to studying English with me, determined to keep me from falling victim to the crippling restrictions of a language barrier. As I grew older, our English lessons became more one-sided, and by high school I was helping my grandpa understand some of the bigger words in the New York Times (he considered himself too worldly for our local Chicago Tribune.) All of the time we spent together brought up more chances for me to bother him with questions about our family history. Some of the photographs he showed me were dat ed to the nineteenth century, and as I observed the somber faces of my relatives, I came to a sad realization. Everyone I was looking at had long disappeared from the Earth, taking their stories and their memories with them. I examined these pictures with the sort of investigative stare used for reading history books, not the reminiscing gaze that comes with seeing old relatives. And I realized that I couldn’t look at these people as my relatives because I knew absolutely nothing about them. For everything that my family had gained by moving to America, I had lost any connection to my ancestors, and therefore a part of myself. My grandpa refused to let this happen. â€Å"The most important thing you have in this world is your family,† he told me, â€Å"and when I’m gone, the most important thing I can leave you is your heritage.† Over the next two years, he would commit hundreds of hours to fulfill that promise. He made it his purpose to write everything he could find out about our ancestors, so that future generations would know where they came from. Hundreds of long distance phone calls were made; indifferent relatives annoyed. Two years and two hundred and fifty pages later, he continues to write. The most gratifying aspect of helping my grandfather on this endeavor is the knowledge that I’ve attained during all of the hours we’ve spent together. I’ve learned so much about my ancestors, and consequently, I’ve reevaluated the importance that family has in my life. Those seemingly distant faces in the old photographs have come to life with an air of warm familiarity. Last summer, I was even able to make the trip to Russia to meet my relatives and visit the graves of my great grandparents. I’ve learned that my heritage is a part of me no matter where I live; that an ocean cannot separate me from the ties I have to my family all over the world. But most importantly, this experience has given me an opportunity to spend time with the family I have right in front of me. And it doesn’t take a wise man to understand the value of spending time with my Atkai.

Managing Future Change for Technical Service Organization

Managing Future Change for Technical Service Organization Abstract The paper examines Saudi Arabian Airlines and it is specifically concerned with the technical services department. It is a research proposal, the main objective being how the company can introduce new aircrafts in its fleet, without disruption of services. The paper begins with an introduction of Saudi Arabian Airlines and observes its growth over the years. It notes the main aspects and expectations of the technical services department in organizations. The paper takes a closer look at the technical department in the Saudi Airlines. It specifically analyses the role and tasks carried out by the technical department, the different sections in the departments, and the role of these departments. The proposal addresses the scope of the study and the major problems addressed in the research. The aim is to find any opportunities for the improvement of services in the technical departments in the airline and this will be achieved by defining the problems that exist in the department. Keywords: Saudi Arabian Airlines, technical services department, research, opportunity Background The Saudi Arabian Airlines had its beginnings in 1945. In 1946, the airline was formally established as an operating agency in the ministry of defense. Saudi Arabian airlines were the first airlines to operate commercial jets, and they did this in 1962. The airlines growth was fast and they acquired aircrafts almost on an annual basis. The airline became a corporation in 1963 and two years later, it became part of the Arab Air Carriers Organization. In 1967, the airlines became part of the International Air Transport Association. The Flight Training Center was opened in 1979. In 1996, the airline unveiled its new corporate identity. The airline is a pioneer in its field as it tries to be the best airline in the world. In 1994, the airline installed air phone in some of its aircrafts. In December 1996, the airline introduced its website and the following year, it introduced Braille, thus ensuring that passengers who were visually impaired were not left out. The airline’s techni cal services and materials management division received the ISO-9002:1994 certification in the year 2000. Although the airline has a humble background, it has grown to become one of the most sought after and largest airlines in the world. It increased the number of destinations rapidly and the number of passengers who use it continues to grow steadily. As the national carrier, Saudi Airline has twenty-six domestic stations and sixty-four international stations (Saudi Airlines). The airline currently has more than one hundred aircrafts. Some of the aircrafts in its range include the B747-400, Airbus A300-600 and MD-11 among others. Technical Services Departments Technical services departments are very crucial in every business. They ensure smooth running of the business by ensuring that the business maintains its production of quality services and products. Technical services offer assistance to those who use the technical facilities of the business. They provide support services to the consumers and other people who might be in need of them. The technical services department is important for ensuring that the business or company complies with all laws pertaining to its field. Although these are the basic elements of the technical services department, organizations differ in many ways and they define their own roles based on the work they have to do and their organizational structure. Although there may be many organizations in the same field, their technical services department may not be similar. The people involved in the technical services department may include engineers and other professionals. They are responsible for technological de velopments of the business and they ensure that they are up to date with emerging technology. They help the organization to blend in with the changing environment by making sure they deal with the problems that face the organization. They look for any opportunities that the business might find useful and they keenly observe the threats facing the organization (Daft 2009 p. 27). The role of technical services organizations and departments keep on changing. This is mainly because of the changing job roles and advancement in technology that has made work easier over the years. Technological advancement is very important as it contributes to other innovations in the industry (Afable 2002, p. 1). Description of the problem or opportunity In an attempt to offer improved services and attract more clients, airlines are increasingly adopting new technologies. Airlines introduce new aircrafts to their fleet based on the performance of these aircrafts. Some of these aircrafts are introduced because they are fast, while others are more popular because of the comfort they offer the clients. People everywhere have become more interested in environmental matters. Airlines are no exception to this, and they are looking at the latest aircrafts, which have considered the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This means that they are acquiring environmentally friendly aircrafts and abandoning the older models. What then happens to the older models? The technical department is responsible for ensuring that the models perform well. They inspect the aircrafts for any malfunction and they prepare them for travel. They take care of the different component parts and they are the first to know when something goes wrong. However, in order for them to do their work effectively, they have to have a thorough knowledge of how the aircraft works. Aircraft models are designed differently. Aircrafts cannot be introduced into a fleet haphazardly. The employees in the technical department require time to learn how the aircraft works. The management has to ensure that it provides the required training for the employees. The employees may resist change because of several reasons and this will ultimately affect service delivery in the airlines. How can the management introduce the new aircrafts to its fleet, while ensuring service delivery? How will it convince and involve its employees to embrace the changes? When is it most appropriate to introduce the changes and how can they be implemented in the right way? Saudi Airlines has an opportunity to increase its market and its destinations by introducing these aircrafts to its fleet. This is in line with the company’s vision of becoming the leading airlines company in the Middle East. The introduction of the aircrafts will cause another problem, since the company has to dispose off its old aircrafts. Although these aircrafts are in good condition, they will not be used. Technical Services Departments in Saudi Arabia Airlines The technical services in Saudi Airlines are divided into nine departments. They include Technical Department DPM, Technical Quality Assurance DPM, Facilities and Ground Support Equipment Maintenance DPM, Major Base Aircraft Maintenance DPM, Aircraft Engineering DPM, Maintenance Planning Control Center DPM, System Maintenance DPM and Aircraft Component Overhaul DPM. The staff offering technical services makes up the majority of employees in the airlines. The staff includes technicians, inspectors, engineers and planners. The technical services personnel operate twenty-six sections within the kingdom and thirty stations outside the kingdom (Saudi Airlines). The head of the department is the director general and he is assisted by the vice president of technical services. General Managers of the various departments work under the vice president. The staff has many responsibilities especially in maintenance. They maintain the aircraft bodies and engines, and avionics. They maintain the fleet support equipment and they ensure that all machinery is working well (Saudi airlines 2006). The technical services training department is responsible for the training of the staff. The department establishes whether there is any need for the training of staff and it assess the training conducted by outside bodies. It makes sure that the staff is performing their work accordingly and it recognizes those who have exemplary performance. The company privatized technical services, hoping that this would help it improve its services. The privatization of the technical services in line with the current trend in corporate management whereby companies are outsourcing some of the duties with the aim of cutting back on costs and increasing efficiency. This is because it brings about the subject of division of labor and specialization whereby companies and individuals engage in activities they are best suited in. with this respect, the company has been able to outsource this service to some of the most qualified companies, that are best equipped and qualified to bring about the desired results. The company’s objective is to become the leading center for processing and maintaining aircraft bodies and engines in the Middle East. The current cost of operations is high and the company hopes that it will reduce these costs by adopting new technology. Although the airline prides itself in providing quality services, it does not neglect the fact that it needs to invest more on it service production. It aims to improve its service delivery and ensure high performance standards. The agreement signed by the airline and Pratt Whitney provides that the airline should wash its engines and the engines of other commercial airlines operating in the kingdom. This is a benefit to the airline as it works to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. The â€Å"ecowash system† developed by Pratt Whitney ensures a reduction in fuel burn, eliminates carbon dioxide emissions and decreases the temperature of the engine gas. The airline has to undertake this additional responsibility and as such, it needs to train people to do the work. In addition to the maintenance and the inspection service the airline offers, it also offers training in different sectors. The airline has a fleet of different aircrafts, which include twenty B747, twenty-three B777, twenty-nine MD90, four MD11F and fifteen E170. Seven of these aircrafts operate as royal aircrafts. They include four B747, one B757 and two MD11s. The company phased out the Airbus 300 (Saudi Airline). People develop different aircrafts for several reasons. Some want to increase the speed, while others are more concerned about the environment and they design aircrafts that will not emit a lot of carbon. For a training program to be successful, one has to observe the changes made in other department. For instance, the staff needs to be made aware of why they are undertaking the particular program. The person giving the instructions in a training program should know all the theories applicable, and he or she should be able to apply these theories practically. Research objective The objective of this research is to identify ways through which the airline can effectively introduce the new aircrafts to its fleet without disruption of services. The paper will essentially be concerned with how the staff in the technical department can be trained to handle the new aircrafts effectively. Variables to be addressed The staff members need motivation in order for them to perform their duties and to accept the changes. They also require training so that they can be able to manage a new fleet. High quality training may cost the organization a lot of money. It is however necessary so that the staff can manage the fleet without any problems. Motivation is a necessary factor in the training program. Staff needs to be motivated to attend the training and the organization can achieve this using different ways. The number of aircrafts to be affected needs to be identified. Some of the aircrafts will not be needed when the new fleet is introduced. However, they should not be written off before the other ones are fully implemented in the fleet. Scope of investigation The research will be based in Saudi Airlines only, since it is a departmental problem concerning the airlines. It will extensively use the information gathered in its website and other electronic sources containing useful information. Some of the employees working in the technical services department of the company will be interviewed. The information from the employees will especially be useful since it will offer first-hand account of how the employees receive training, and how effective the training is. They will also assist in identifying the best training methods. Most of the content will involve the technical services department in the company. Where necessary, the research will include information from other places for comparison purposes. The investigative research will not take a lot of time since most of the information is available. Problem Anticipation One of the major problems anticipated in this research is that the employees might refuse to cooperate and give the required information. This will hinder the research process since it will limit the information available thus, a conclusive decision will not be made. Another anticipated problem is time. Although information from electronic sources is readily available, the employees may lack the time due to busy schedules. Training the staff to take on new responsibility can prove challenging, especially if they perceive they are going to be affected negatively by the changes. Technology has made things easier and the instructor should be able to demonstrate thorough knowledge of how to use the relevant technology. In this case, the instructor should demonstrate that he knows how to handle the new aircraft models and how to clean the engines using the â€Å"ecowash system†. The instructor should show an understanding of communications technology by using it to demonstrate his lessons. This not only adds to the interest of the lesson, but it enhances efficiency and effectiveness of the program. The trainees should participate in the training program. It should not be a lecture-type kind of training where the instructor teaches all that he knows. The training program should be a partnership between the instructor and the trainees (Dessinger Moseley p. 41). The Saudi Airlines has recently acquired additional aircrafts and all the technical personnel should know how to handle them. The staff may already be familiar with some of the aircrafts and so this might not be a big challenge. The airline’s decision to upgrade the extended range of Boeing 777 was a good idea. The main objective of the upgrade was to ensure that the passengers enjoyed their travel. Moreover, the fleet had a more elegant design than the previous fleet. The design not only enhances comfort and style, but it also ensures that the fleet meets the maintenance standards. It is of paramount importance that the technical personnel should attend the engineering services offered by Boeing so that they can learn of any changes made to the engines or other aircraft components. This will ensure better service delivery since the technical personnel will know what to do incase a problem occurs. Conclusion The technical services department has been of core importance to the Saudi Airlines. The department has been mandated with the smooth and efficient mergence between recourse utilization and service delivery to the customers. Saudi airlines has successfully entrenched the technical services departments in its operations through the creation of nine departments. This has gone a long way in meeting the company’s objective of becoming the leading center for processing and maintaining aircraft bodies and engines in the Middle East. References: Afable DJ, 2002, A beginner’s guide to understanding technical support, iUniverse Daft, JM, Willmott H, 2010, Organization theory and design, Cengage Learning EMEA Saudi Airlines 2006, 2006 Saudi technical services staff on the increase, Saudi Airlines, viewed 15 August 2011, saudiairlines.com/portal/site/saudiairlines/menuitem.f79b25a0f48ef685173ff63dc8f034a0/?vgnextoid=39244005b547b110VgnVCM1000001f64e80aRCRD Saudi Airlines, 2006, 2006 The privatization of technical services, Saudi Airlines, viewed 15 August 2011, saudiairlines.com/portal/site/saudiairlines/menuitem.f79b25a0f48ef685173ff63dc8f034a0/?vgnextoid=f6934005b547b110VgnVCM1000001f64e80aRCRD

Personal description of a change in YOUR life - The Big Change and How Essay

Personal description of a change in YOUR life - The Big Change and How I Faced it - Essay Example His visit was for two months and I decided to accompany him since I had my vacations. This vacation was to leave a very important lesson in the diary of my life. It brought with it a big change for me and I faced this situation in the best possible manner utilizing all my skills. The lesson was the importance of humanity and the fact that every being in this world has a duty towards his fellow being in suffering. The things that I came across when I visited Haiti were important for me and my life. My father was assigned along with his team to reach the earthquake struck country on the 1st of February that is just approximately two weeks following the earthquake. I insisted on going with him and he agreed to the fact. I believe that his agreement to my demand was due to the fact that my father also wanted me to see the world and learn from the happenings of the world. I believe that he actually wanted me to have firsthand experience of the happenings and the suffering of other human b eings so that I incorporate the importance of human lives within my character. He also wanted me to understand the fact that it was our duty to assist those in need. When we reached Haiti, I was very surprised and taken aback by the situation. The people were living in extremely poor unhygienic conditions with no proper clothing and shelter. They had still not gotten over the grief of the loss of their loved ones. To further aggravate their conditions, there was no proper food for them and it could be understood from their circumstances that disease spread would reach its peak if proper measures were not taken to assist these people. As soon as we reached, my father and his team started their work with the supply of sources that they had. It was the first time I had been to such a place and the firsthand viewing of human suffering had put me in a state of shock. I was very depressed and I did not go out of our residential camp for the next three days as I did not have the courage to go and see the pain and plight of the people. Till that day I was living in a world of my own and it was now that I had actually seen that what difficulties a person could face in his life. On the fourth day, I gathered strength and I had decided what actually needed to be done. I was a very different person from what I had actually been when I had reached Haiti. I analyzed the importance of human lives and I understood that we have a greater duty towards this world of being of assistance to all those in need. Every human being has a duty towards his fellow beings. I incorporated this important belief in my mind that it was our duty not to just see people suffering but actually utilize all our skills to be of assistance to them with all the resources in our reach. We should not just think about their suffering but we should actually practically help them by all possible means. It needs to be understood that just seeing the suffering make us sad and what would be the situation of th ose people who are actually facing all these difficulties in their life. I walked out of the residential camp as a different person and I knew it for a fact that this change in my personality was to stay with me forever. I went out and my father was very happy to see me. When he saw me, I think he also understood that he had achieved what he had wanted and he could see the change in me. I went and saw all the aid activities that were

Islamist Extremism by Jemaah Islamiah in South Asia Research Paper

Islamist Extremism by Jemaah Islamiah in South Asia - Research Paper Example The main external influence on the psyche and perception of the South East Asian people has been from the events that have happened in the Middle East. The complex geo-politics of the Middle East and the interference of the United States in the region, had led to the South East Asians’ perceiving that that Islam is repressed and threatened. Similarly, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the massacre of Muslims in Yugoslavia, and the radical Hinduism in the neighbouring state of India, further added to the insecurity. In addition, there has been a more direct and potent influence of Saudi Arabia that provides donations and funding for setting up schools, madarsas (schools where only Quran and scriptures are taught) and for distributing religious books (Liow, 2004). This massive influx of Wahhabi Sunni ideology from the Middle East, led to the people adopting more conservative Islamic outlook towards both personal and political life. It also prepared the ground for easy acceptan ce of radical form of Islam in the region. The political environment of most of the Muslim dominated states like Indonesia and Malaysia has been of evolutionary democracy, where the government is guided by a mix of traditional Islamic and modern rules and regulations. The region does not allow radical Islam as a political ideology and hence, there is a section of the population that displays discontentment due to their political exclusion. This discontentment was further fuelled by the economic crisis of the 1990s. that led to widespread financial despair, unemployment and left the governments weak and unable to support the population (Sebastian, 2003). The economic crisis consolidated the belief that Western ideologies were exploitative and detrimental and that Muslims need to organize and do business

Management Work and Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management Work and Society - Research Paper Example But at the same time there are many factors that prevent career choice options from being achieved. These factors include age, gender, race and education etc. All these factors might restrict a person’s career choice options. We will try to shed more light on these factors in the text below. Our discussion will include differences between achieved and ascribed roles. The main theories of occupational choices will also be examined and how these theories relate to the different roles. Objective and subjective constraints on occupational choice will be elaborated upon. Our discussion will also include analysis of the possible ways to reduce barriers for exercising career choice. Finally future organization and their effects on career choices will be examined. Differences between Achieved and Ascribed Roles A role is defined as a set of behaviour that is followed by a person acting in a social situation. The concept of role is very important because they have a huge impact on the behaviour of a person observing any role. Doctors and nurses are more responsible because they have a huge responsibility (saving people’s lives) so any person who is a doctor or a nurse will try to be responsible. Roles are of two types; they can be achieved or ascribed. Ascribed roles are those that are assigned to a person from inheritance. These roles are not based on merit but are based on the traits which are beyond one’s control (Stark, R. 2007). Achieved roles on the other hand are based on merit and personal skill. A person’s personal efforts and abilities have a role to play in his or her achieved roles. Gender, age, nationality etc. are some of the ascribed roles. These roles are involuntary in nature. Achieved role include doctors, engineers, criminals, footballers etc. These roles are based on one’s personal abilities and are voluntary in nature. Both of these roles have an impact on career choice. Due to some ascribed roles like gender and a ge a person might not be able to pursue a profession like baseball. Key Theories of Occupational Choice There are two main approaches that explain how a person chooses his or her occupation. These include developmental approach of occupational choice and structural approach. There is another theory called impulse or accidental theory of occupational choice. All three of these theories attempt to explain how a person chooses profession. Accidental theory of occupational choice gives a very simple explanation of career choice. It says that people choose their profession simply because of external factors that are beyond their control. Chance plays a role in occupational choice according to this theory. If we consider this theory to be true then all people become what they are simply because of events that are not in their control. The choices are voluntary but these choices are not because of interest in a particular field or goal of personal development rather they are an outcome of uncontrollable events. The achieved roles of a person according to this theory are also because of factors that are not controlled by the person. Uncertain events determine even the achieved roles of a person. It is however important to note that a personal merit of a person still plays a role after the choice of occupation but the choice itself is characterized by accident or chance. There is some empirical evidence that supports this theory as many famous people choose the

Solving Large Systems of Linear Simultaneous Equations

Solving Large Systems of Linear Simultaneous Equations NICOLE LESIRIMA METHODS OF SOLVING LARGE SYSTEMS OF LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS PROJECT DESCRIPTION Linear systems simulate real-world problems using applied numerical procedure. The main aim of this project is to consider what factors affect the efficiency of the various methods of solving linear simultaneous equations. So far, one of the main factors is rounding errors that can produce inaccurate solutions. Moreover, MATLAB programs have been produced to time the calculation speed to determine the efficiency of the methods. Generally, these methods are subdivided into two; direct and iterative methods. Direct methods are commonly used to solve small systems of equations. The iterative methods are used to solve real-world problems that produce systems of equations for which the coefficient matrices are sparse. The relevance of studying these methods have its real world applications. The real world applications can be seen in various fields such as science and engineering, accounting and finance, business management and in operational research. The approach provides a logical framework for solving complex decisions in a wide range of industries. The advantage is that, decisions are founded on data analysis. Environmentalists and meteorologists may use large systems of simultaneous linear equations to predict future outcomes. For instance, to predict weather patterns or climate change, a large volume of data is collected over a long span of time on many variables including, solar radiation, carbon emissions and ocean temperatures. Queen Mary University of London (2015). This data is represented in the form of a transition matrix that has to be row reduced into a probability matrix that can then be used in the prediction of climate change. The objective of an enterprise is to maximize returns while maintaining minimum costs. Whereas the use of large systems of simultaneous linear equations may provide a basis for evidence based business decision making in an enterprise, it is important to know which linear systems are most appropriate in order to minimize undesirable outcomes for an enterprise. PROJECT REPORT OUTLINE Chapter 1 Introduction Large systems of linear simultaneous equations are used to simulate real-world problems using applied numerical procedure. The real world applications can be seen in various fields such as science and engineering, accounting and finance, business management. The approach provides a logical framework for solving complex decisions in a wide range of industries. The advantage is that decisions are founded on data analysis. The aim of this project is to explore the efficiency of a large systems of linear simultaneous equations in the optimal decision making of an enterprise. Chapter 2 Direct Methods: Gaussian Elimination and LU Factorisation Direct methods of solving linear simultaneous equations are introduced. This chapter will look at the Gaussian Elimination and LU Factorisation methods. Gaussian Elimination involves representing the simultaneous equations in an augmented form, performing elementary row operations to reduce the upper triangular form and finally back substituting to form the solution vector. LU Factorisation on the other hand is where a matrix A finds a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U such that A = LU. The purpose of this lower triangular matrix and upper triangular matrix is so that the forward and backward substitutions can be directly applied to these matrices to obtain a solution to the linear system. An operation count and computing times using MATLAB is calculated so as to determine the best method to use. Chapter 3 Cholesky Factorisation Introduction to the Cholesky method. This is a procedure whereby the matrix A is factorised into the product of a lower triangular matrix and its transpose; the forward and backward substitutions can be directly applied to these matrices to obtain a solution. A MATLAB program is written to compute timings. A conclusion can be drawn by comparing the three methods and determining which is the most suitable method that will produce the most accurate result as well as take the shortest computing time. Chapter 4 Iterative Methods: Jacobi Method and Gauss-Seidel This chapter will introduce the iterative methods that are used to solve linear systems with coefficient matrices that are large and sparse. Both methods involve splitting the matrix A into lower triangular, diagonal and upper triangular matrices L, D, U respectively. The main difference comes down to the way the x values are calculated. The Jacobi method uses the previous x values (n) to calculate the next iterated x values (n+1). The Gauss-Seidel uses the new x value (n+1) to calculate the x2 value. Chapter 5 Successive Over Relaxation and Conjugate Gradient Other iterative methods are introduced. The Successive Over Relaxation method over relaxes the solution at each iteration. This method is calculated using the weighted sum of the values from the previous iteration and the values form the Gauss-Seidel method at the current iteration. The Conjugate Gradient method involves improving the approximated value of xk to the exact solution which may be reached after a finite number of iterations usually smaller than the size of the matrix. Chapter 6 Conclusion All the project findings and results are summarised in this chapter. Conclusion can be made from both direct methods and iterative methods whereby the most accurate method with the shortest computing time can be found. Drawbacks from each method will be mentioned as well its suitability for solving real world problems. PROGRESS TO DATE The project to date has covered the direct methods of solving simultaneous equations. Gaussian Elimination This involves representing the simultaneous equations in an augmented form, performing elementary row operations to reduce the upper triangular form and finally back substituting to form the solution vector. For example, to solve an mxn matrix: Ax = b The aim of the Gaussian elimination is to manipulate the augmented matrix [A|b] using elementary row operations; by adding a multiple of the pivot rows to the rows beneath the pivot row i.e. Rià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ri +kRj. Once the augmented matrix is in the row echelon form, the solution is found using back substitution. The following general matrix equation has been reduced to row echelon form: This corresponds to the linear system Rearranging the final solution is given by For all other equations i = n 1, . . ., The operation count and timing the Gaussian Elimination was performed. The total number of operations for an nxn matrix using the Gaussian elimination is with O(N3). LU Factorisation This is where a matrix A finds a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U such that A = LU. The purpose of this lower triangular matrix and upper triangular matrix is so that the forward and backward substitutions can be directly applied to these matrices to obtain a solution to the linear system. In general, L and U is an m x n matrix: L =   U =   For higher order matrices, we can derive the calculation of the L and U matrices. Given a set of n elementary matrices E1, E2,†¦, Enapplied to matrix A, row reduce in row echelon form without permuting rows such that A can be written as the product of two matrices L and U that is A = LU, Where U = En†¦E2E1A, L = E1-1 E2-1†¦En-1   For a general nxn matrix, the total number of operations is O(N3). A Matlab program has been produced to time the LU Factorisation. So far, this method has proven more efficient than the Gaussian Elimination. Cholesky Factorisation This is a procedure whereby the matrix A is factorised into the product of a lower triangular matrix and its transpose i.e. A = LLT   or    =      The Cholesky factorisation is only possible if A is a positive definite. Forward and backward substitution is employed in finding the solutions. The method was also timed at it can be concluded that it is the most effective and efficient direct method for solving simultaneous equations. The indirect methods have been introduced with a short outline of what each method entails. Work Still to be Completed       As from the objectives layed out from the terms of reference, the following are the objectives that are yet to be completed. Week 13 16: Evaluating the convergence rate of the iterative methods in detail as well as finding out which method improves the solution efficiency.   Production of MATLAB programs analysing the different methods and other methods. Over the next 3 weeks, the conditions for convergence will be analysed. One of the most important conditions that will be studied is the spectral radius. This is a condition applied on the indirect methods to determine how fast or slow a method takes to achieve the state of convergence. Moreover, the project will also produce Matlab programs for the iterative methods and employ the spectral radius on these programs to determine the speed of convergence for large sparse matrices. Weeks 17 19: Introduction to the Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) method and the Conjugate Gradient method. Successive Over-Relaxation method improves the rate of convergence of the Gauss-Siedel method by over-relaxing the solution at every iteration. While the Conjugate Gradient improves the approximated value of x to the exact solution. Matlab programs will be produced for the two methods together with the speed of convergence of different sizes of matrices. Week 20 24:Writing the findings and conclusions of the report, finalising on the bibliography and doing a review of the project as a whole.   Preparing oral and poster presentation.

Dispelling the Myths of Ageism Essay -- Age Discrimination in Western

Ageism is prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age (Berger, 2008). Our western culture has embedded ageism into our everyday lives, and we may not be able to identify the ageist behavior when it occurs. Older adults are frequently given negative labels such as senile, sad, lonely, poor, sexless, ill, dependent, demented, and disabled. (McGuire, Klein, Shu-Li, 2008) It is inevitable that we will experience decline in physical and mental capacities. However, the timing, quality, and degree of the aging process are highly variable and very different for each individual. General assumptions and stereotypes about aging are harmful to individual senior adults and do not benefit society. After World War II ended in 1945, veterans returned home to get married and start families which resulted in a â€Å"baby boom.† This generation, which has been dubbed â€Å"Baby Boomers,† was born between 1946 and 1964. In 2011 this generation will begin to reach age 65, which is a pivotal age for senior adults. In 2050, the number of Americans aged 65 and older is projected to be 88.5 million, more than double its projected population of 40.2 million in 2010. The baby boomers are largely responsible for this increase in the older population, as they will begin crossing into this category in 2011. (US Census Bureau, 2010). With our population shifting to an older demographic, ageism will weigh heavily on our society and the importance of researching, discussing and finding solutions to ageism will come to the forefront. By definition, ageism is a form of discrimination that can occur at any age. However, it is the senior population that has been distressed the most. Only a few of the man... ...70802042123. Palmore, E. (2004). Research note: Ageism in Canada and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19(1), 41-46. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Palmore, E. (2005). Three decades of research on ageism. Generations, 29(3), 87-90. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Ryan, E., Jin, Y., Anas, A., & Luh, J. (2004). Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia and Canada. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19(4), 343-360. doi:10.1023/B:JCCG.0000044688.27282.7b. US Census Bureau (2010), The next four decades: The older population in the United States 2010 to 2050, Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p25-1138.pdf Zhou, L. (2007). What college students know about older adults: A cross-cultural qualitative study. Educational Gerontology, 33(10), 811-831. doi:10.1080/03601270701364545.

On Being Isolated

I have been a doctor for two decades now, always ready to aid people who are in need, to heal them in the most impossible way that a man can, to cure others who asked of me over and over in the most isolated provinces in this wounded nation. But all of these can disappear from an instant blink of an eye. The whole nation is desperately in need of healing, to be quite frankly. It is hard to think of a proclamation of Jesus that is harder to understand – or believe – than â€Å"blessed are the poor in spirit for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven' because truthfully, from whereI am standing, I don't quite see it at all. Vive seen death in everywhere I go, pre-school children died from being exploded by a bomb of the ABA Safe conflict in Sambaing, a sick mother who died after giving birth to a twin because his husband who happens to be a conductor in a bus company can't afford a proper three-day meal for the family despite his almost 24- hours shift. And Just like last week, Vive seen a woman who was stabbed by her own sister-in-law out of Jealousy.I bring this up in the context of considering that poverty is everywhere, that no matter how much we think about the did an Dana' it won't bring the Filipino people in good condition. I believe, as a Doctor, health is one of the most important elements in society. It takes a great deal of effort to come up with plans and proposal to keep the nation in balance with health. The President Just stated his State of the Nation a few days back, and it is sad that promoting good health and proposing for cheaper medicines and health benefits doesn't seem like its included in his flagships.True, that the administration is still on its process of rehabilitating what was lost in Samara-Letter regions, but in ejaculating all of the medical assistance is by far most unknown in his propaganda. Thankfully enough, we are living by the hands of the foreigners. All of the countless relief's we received are from all over the wo rld. It is also quite considerate when Peons cabinet members and Local Government Officials are working hard for the safety of everyone, but why it seems that everyone is still coping up with the devastation.It has almost been a year since it happened, but why are these dreams seems to be washed out by the typhoon? You see, I am Just a Doctor, who can't even help himself, because I am being dragged y the system and by the looks of it the government can't even help its people. I wish all those people who made decisions could come down to see what the consequences of their decisions would be like. But really, who are those' people in the first place? Tobacco executives who market a carcinogenic product? Conglomerate food industries that contribute to obesity (and poor dental health)?Insurance companies that leveraged debt in credit default swabs and contributed to global inflation? Even if I help myself in building a hospital, do you think the government would support me on that? How would I even know that all of hose pain and effort in helping people would really pay off? No matter how much I think about going abroad and dedicate myself in contributing to the nation's rising economy (even though it doesn't seem quite felt), it would reflect on me, and the media will use its persuasive power to kill people like us (doctors, nurses, therapists) like we are the most gruesome professionals in the world.The clinic that I usually attend to in Panamanian, every time Vive visited it, is about as anti-Aquinas as it gets, so it is hard for me to reconcile the claims that insurance (since when does every Filipino has insurance and I wish everyone can) and co-pays should be under IPPP with the insistence that whatever our misfortunes might be, they are the product of unfair treatment at the hands of power and privileged. In the President's speech he talked about preparing for future disasters and even focuses on how his administration carry over responsibilities in all of those who are affected.I was one of the Doctors that immediately went to see how wrecked the place was, but a one single official was never really there to go and look in many far- lung areas. Relief's were distributed almost three days after that typhoon. There used to be several health centers in Tactical (where I was assigned) but last January, it stretched to the limit. People cannot even walk to the main health center in Tactical. There are trees everywhere and they have essentially been cut off.We set up in the destroyed former health clinic and received a lot of patients. It was non-stop and people were happy that my team arrived. And in everyday was the same, we went to another remote village and the patients did not stop coming. It is clear that there is a massive need. As a freelance Doctor, I cannot save the whole country, but many people are currently surviving without medical care and we will try to fill that gap until services are restored. Till when can I accept this tragic fact?Back in Tactical, we are mainly treating respiratory infections, and we've also seen some patients with diarrhea. Without proper shelter and being exposed to the elements, a lot of people have colds and fevers, especially the kids. Vive also encountered people who have been affected mentally by the typhoon. They are resent with physical symptoms that you can't really pinpoint, but often we see that this indicates psychological distress. It's common to see this after such a traumatic event, so psychological care is in need to.As I continue my distress over the things I saw back last November when the Typhoon was out in the Philippine Area of Responsibility, I was drawn to more facts about this illness of my country in providing deserved health benefits. Equipment and facilities are still not up to the standard of private institutions. Government hospitals remain largely ill equipped and have offered years due to the decline of government spending on health care. Accessibi lity to public healthcare still remains a contentious issue, particularly in more rural areas.Ideally, everyone is entitled to health care through Philately, but the problem still is, some are discouraged to pay for this because they still choose ‘Panamanian Eng than' over health care and not all medical procedures are covered by the Philately scheme and often the balance for medical expenses is to be paid by the patients. The other day, Budget Secretary Butch Bad presented the 201 5 proposed budget of PA. 06 trillion ($60 billion), 15% higher than the previous year. For health, the government wants a APP. Billion budget for the upgrade of 1,242 bargain (village) health stations, 587 rural health stations, 128 local government unit hospitals, and 1 1 treatment and rehabilitation centers. The government also seeks a PA. 3 billion budget to minimize 2. 2 million children and to provide pneumatically vaccines to 1. 4 million senior citizens and 429,000 infants. Big money is allot ted in Health. If only the President would consider this, a plan where he can control the distribution of budget appropriately for everyone.Although, he dispensed an allotted amount in covering future calamity funds and increase in providing the National Health Insurance Program from APP. 3 billion ($810 million) to APP. 2 billion ($850 million); increase in coverage from 14. 7 million to 15. 4 million beneficiaries, it would be quite enough to sustain what the nation needs, but the big question here is that if the administration can provide this fairly and legitimately. As a Doctor, I am not enraged by how the administration works. I am furious on how they manage everything.I am not against to those who are now in the position, I believe they are placed there for a reason, a reason that neither of us would know. But to be quite honest, my heart goes to the people who deserved a better life. A life of happiness, stability, and even the most taken for granted acts. I am not taking si des in considering that the Philippines is not a choice anymore; I won't want to believe that. It is probably one of the reasons why I still keep myself flowing as much as possible, helping those poor; I believe that social protection and social services should be given a much more credit, a bigger perspective to end this misery.But for now, I'll keep my hopes up. I will definitely wait for the right time. But I won't lose my hope in this administration and in this passion in serving others. I challenge the President in helping and promoting us, especially those who are in the medical world, in healing our nation's wounds. It might be hard, it is not easy, but there's no need to worry, it will be all well and right, if we all keep ourselves closely knit, together, hand in hand.

What Do SAT Subscores Mean Expert Guide

What Do SAT Subscores Mean Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On first glance, your SAT score report may look completely confusing. Altogether, you’ll get a total of 15 distinct scores, or 18 if you take the essay section! While the scores are numerous, they're also helpful. They put your results under the microscope andgive you detailed feedback about your performance. This guide will demystify all these test scores, cross-test scores, and subscores so you can make the most out of yourSAT score report. Let’s start with a glossary to help you keep track of all the different score types. SAT Score Types: A Glossary These are all the scores that you'll get on your SAT score report. You'll also find out what percentiles your scores represent, or how you did compared to other test-takers in your grade. Total score:your two section scores added together. Section scores:your Math score and your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score from 200 - 800. Test scores:your Reading, Writing and Language, and Math scores; range from 10 to 40. SAT essay scores:three scores for Reading, Analysis, and Writing, each between 2 and 8. Cross-test scores:a score for Analysis in History/Social Studies and a score for Analysis in Science, both between 10 and 40. Subscores:four subscores for skill areas in Reading and Writing and three for skill areas in Math; range between 1 and 15. As you can see, there are several score types with various scales. But how do these score types add up to 15 (or 18 with the essay) scores? Check out the chart below for the full breakdown. SAT Score Ranges: Full Breakdown # of Scores Score Type Description Score Range 1 Total score Sum of the two section scores 400-1600 2 Section scores Evidence-based Reading and Writing + Math 200-800 3 Test scores Reading, Writing and Language, and Math 10-40 3 SAT Essay scores Reading, Analysis, and Writing 2 - 8 2 Cross-test scores Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. These scores are based on selected questions in all three sections. 10-40 7 Subscores From Evidence-based Reading and Writing: Command of Evidence, Words in Context,Expression of Ideas, and Standard English Conventions. From Math: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math. 1-15 The most important scores for college and the ones with which you’re probably most familiar are your section and total scores. A perfect total score is 1600, and an average SAT scorefalls somewhere around 1000. Regardingsections, perfect section scores are 800, and average section scores fall around 500. While the new SAT scale should be relatively familiar tomost students, the cross-test scores and subscores are a bit unusual. Let’s take a closer look at what exactly these scores measure and why they’re important to understand. Like a weird hybrid pluot (plum + apricot), cross-test scores select from across sections to bring you an entirely new speciesof score. What Are SAT Cross-Test Scores? Cross-test scores represent your performance on questions across all three sections, Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. College Board categorizes questions into certain skill areas. The two skill areas that you need to know about to understand cross-test scores are called Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. You might be surprised to learn that there are questions in Reading, Writing and Language, and Math that are considered to measure your Analysis in History/Social Studies andAnalysis in Science skills. These skill areas aren’t limited to one section, but rather pop up across the entire SAT. In reading, Analysis in History/Social or Analysis in Science questions tend to be those based on History/Social Studies or Science passages, respectively. The same goes for the questions in Writing and Language. As for Math, these questions tend tobe word problems or data interpretation questions based on graphics. Here are a few example problems to show you which questions College Board categories as Analysis in History/Social Studies or Science. These sample questionsfrom Reading are allconsidered to test yourAnalysis in History/Social Studies skills. This example from Writing and Language is categorized as Analysis in Science. This example from Math is considered to be an Analysis in History/Social Studies question. You can find more examples by taking a look at the scoring guidesto College Board’s free official SAT practice tests. Not only do they help you score your sections, but they also mark the questions that fall into these two skills categories. That way you can calculate your own cross-test scores as you grade your SAT practice tests. I’ll explain how to do this in more detail below, but first, let’s take a look at the other new score type on the SAT, subscores. SAT subscores are like a photo taken with a macro lens; they reveal your performance in close, sharp detail. What Are SAT Subscores? SAT subscores, like cross-test scores, measure your performance on questions that fall into certain skill areas. Unlike cross-test scores, subscores don’t mix and match questions between all three sections. You’ll get subscores for questions inMath and subscores for questions in Evidence-based Reading and Writing. You’ll get seven SAT subscores. In Math, your subscores will measure these skill areas: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math. In Evidence-based Reading and Writing, your subscores will measure Expression of Ideas, Standard English Conventions, Words in Context, and Command of Evidence. Of course, you’re not expected to know automatically which questions fall into which skill areas. Let’s take a moment to define each. You can also check out ourmore detailed guides with sample questions for each section and skill area. What Are the Seven Subscore Skill Areas? First, we’ll consider the three skill areas in Math, followed by the four skill areas in Evidence-based Reading and Writing. #1: Heart of Algebra. These math questions ask you to solve linear equation and linear inequalities, interpret linear functions, and solve linear equation, inequality, or function word problems. #2: Problem Solving and Data Analysis. These math questions ask you to calculate rates, ratios, and percentages, interpret scatterplots and tables, and draw conclusions from collections of data. #3: Passport to Advanced Math. These questions ask you to solve quadratic equations, interpret nonlinear expressions, interpret nonlinear equation graphs, solve operations with polynomials, and solve quadratic and exponential word problems. #4: Expression of Ideas. These (typically Writing) questions ask you to make word choice or structural changes to improve a passage’s organization or impact. #5: Standard English Conventions: These (typically Writing) questions ask about grammar, usage, sentence structure, and punctuation. #6: Words in Context. In Reading, these questions ask you to interpret the meaning of a word or phrase or determine how word choice shapes meaning, style, and tone. In Writing, they ask you to add or change a word to improve meaning. #7: Command of Evidence. These questions are varied. In Reading, they may ask you to state your evidence for your answer to a previous question or to identify how an author uses evidence to support her claims. In Writing, these questions typically ask you to improve the way a passage develops information and ideas. In both sections, they might ask about the relationship between a passage and its accompanying informational graphic. All of these subscores, along with the cross-test scores and other score types discussed, will show up on your SAT score report. However, they’re not for your eyes only. Your prospective colleges that you’ve indicated as score recipients will also get to see all your scores. These score types are new this year, so how are colleges going to use them as they evaluate you as an applicant? Just how crucial are your cross-test scores and subscores for college? As it stands now, not very. How Do Colleges Use Your SAT Cross-Test Scores and Subscores? According to College Board, your detailed score report is great at â€Å"highlighting your strengths and showing colleges that you’ve been building the skills and knowledge you need for college and career.† They’re meant to show that you have skills like Analysis in Science and Command of Evidence to do well in college courses and life in general after high school. At this point, though, it doesn’t appear that your cross-test or subscores are particularly important for colleges. Many colleges are still catching up to the changes in the new SAT and figuring out which test they’ll accept for Class of 2017 and Class of 2018 students. For now, your section and total scores remain the most important metric for applying to college and determining whether your SAT scores make you a competitive applicant. Even though these cross-test scores and subscores don’t seem particularly important for college yet, they can still play a very influentialrole in your SAT prep. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How Are SAT Cross-Test Scores and Subscores Useful? It may be tempting to look past these cross-test scores and subscores as unimportant, but they can actually be quite useful as feedback for your SAT prep. If you’re retaking the SAT, then you can use these scores to figure out your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker. If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, then you can calculate these scores on your SAT practice tests to get the same information. For instance, you may be looking to raise your EBRW score. Your subscores may show that you’re solid on Expression of Ideas questions, but need to study grammar and usage rules to do better on Standard English Conventions questions. On Math, you may be strong onquestions in Heart of Algebra and Passport to Advanced Math questions, but need to focus your prep on Problem Solving and Data Analysis problems. Your cross-test scores and subscores point out the question types and skill areas that you should study to maximize your improvement for next time. As mentioned above, you don’t have to wait until you take the official SAT to get this kind of feedback. You can take the time to calculate your cross-test scores and subscores on your own from SAT practice tests. Figuring out your cross-test scores and subscores can be time-consuming, but it's well worth it if you're prepping for the SAT. How to Calculate Your Cross-Test Scores and Subscores from Practice Tests To score your practice tests, you can consult their accompanying scoring guide. As it turns out, the guidealso labels the questions that fall into the various skill areas pertinent to cross-test scores and subscores, like Analysis in Science, Words in Context, and Heart of Algebra. For instance, this example is taken from the scoring guideto College Board's SAT Practice Test 1 and tells you which questions fall into the Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science skills categories: First, you use your practice test'sscoring guide to identify the relevant questions in a skill area. Then you calculate your raw score by simply adding one point for every correct answer. If you’re calculating your raw score for Words in Context questions, for example, then you would locate these questions with the help of the scoring guide and answer keyand add one point for every one you answered correctly. Then you can consult official conversion tables to convert your raw scores into scale scores. As you read above, your cross-test scores get converted into a scale from 10 to 40. Your subscores get converted to a scale between 1 and 15. Below are the cross-test score and subscore conversion tables provided by College Board. SAT Cross-Test Score Conversion Table (10 - 40) SAT Subscore Conversion Table (10 - 15) For an even more detailed list of step by step instructions for calculating your cross-test scores and subscores, you should consult ourcomprehensive guide on SAT scoring. While this process may feel a bit tedious and time-consuming, it can really be worth it. These scores can give you invaluable insight into your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker and help you prep smarter for your next test. To Sum Up†¦ Your SAT score report may look like a bunch of confusing numbers at first, but hopefully, now you understand what all those scores mean. Your total scores will fall between 400 and 1600. Your section scores for Math and Evidence-based Reading and Writing range between 200 and 800. Your cross-test scores and subscores dig deeper into your performance, revealing how well you did on specific skill areas and question types. Cross-test scores, as their name indicates, sample questions across all three subjects. Subscores shed light on questions from Math and Evidence-based Reading and Writing. While these specific scores don’t seem to be particularly important for colleges yet, they will appear on your SAT score reports and be visible to admissions officers. For now, they’re most useful as feedback for your skills as a test-taker and areas for growth. Whether you’re looking at your official SAT score report or grading your own practice tests, you should take the time to interpret these scores. The insight they reveal into your strengths and weaknesses can be invaluable feedback as you sharpen your skills for the SAT. What’s Next? At this point, all students will be taking the redesigned SAT.If you're one of them, check out our comprehensive guide on how to study for the new SAT. You can also find lots of helpful strategies and study tip by section here. Just as cross-test scores and subscores can help you study in the most effective way, so too can taking the time to analyze your mistakes. Check out this guide to learn why studying your mistakes is the secret to boosting your scores and how to do it in the most effective way. Are you wondering how many hours of prep time you need to achieve your target scores? This 6 step guide helps you figure out exactly how long you need to study for the SAT to meet your goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The John Peter Zenger Trial

The John Peter Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger was born in Germany in 1697. He immigrated to New York with his family in 1710. His father died during the voyage, and his mother, Joanna, was left to support him and his two siblings. At the age of 13, Zenger was apprenticed for eight years to the prominent printer William Bradford who is known as the pioneer printer of the middle colonies. They would form a brief partnership after the apprenticeship before Zenger decided to open his own printing shop in 1726. When Zenger would be later brought to trial, Bradford would remain neutral in the case.   Zenger Approached by Former Chief Justice Zenger was approached by Lewis Morris, a chief justice who had been removed from the bench by Governor William Cosby after he ruled against him. Morris and his associates created the â€Å"Popular Party† in opposition to Governor Cosby and needed a newspaper to help them spread the word. Zenger agreed to print their paper as the New York Weekly Journal. Zenger Arrested for Seditious Libel At first, the governor ignored the newspaper which made claims against the governor including his having arbitrarily removed and appointed judges without consulting the legislature. However, once the paper began to grow in popularity, he decided to put  a stop to it.  Zenger was arrested and a formal charge of seditious libel was made against him on November 17, 1734. Unlike today where libel is only proven when the published information is not only false but intended to harm the individual, libel at this time was defined as holding the king or his agents up to public ridicule. It did not matter how true the printed information was. Despite the charge, the governor was unable to sway a grand jury. Instead, Zenger was arrested based on prosecutors’ â€Å"information,† a way to circumvent the grand jury. Zengers case was taken before a jury. Zenger Defended by Andrew Hamilton Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton, a Scottish lawyer who would eventually settle in Pennsylvania. He was not related to Alexander Hamilton. However, he was important in later Pennsylvania history, having helped design Independence Hall. Hamilton took the case on pro bono. Zengers original lawyers had been stricken from the attorneys list due to the corruption that surrounded the case. Hamilton was able to successfully argue to the jury that Zenger was allowed to print things as long as they were true. In fact, when he was not allowed to prove that the claims were true through evidence, he was able to eloquently argue to the jury that they saw the evidence in their everyday lives and therefore didnt need additional proof. Results of the Zenger Case The result of the case did not create a legal precedent because a jury’s verdict does not change the law. However, it had a huge impact on the colonists who saw the importance of a free press to hold the government power in check. Hamilton was lauded by New York colonial leaders for his successful defense of Zenger. Nonetheless, individuals would continue to be punished for publishing information harmful to the government until state constitutions and later the US Constitution in the Bill of Rights would guarantee a free press. Zenger continued to publish the New York Weekly Journal until his death in 1746. His wife continued to publish the paper after his death. When his eldest son, John, took over the business he only continued to publish the paper for three more years.

Health Care Economics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Economics - Article Example Declines in demand for healthcare services in other communities have resulted in an increase within the Boston community. With the high-level of medical research being undertaken within the community, other healthcare systems rely on the occurrences within the Boston community healthcare system. Market structures The healthcare sector within the Boston community remains dominated by relatively low number of large organisations. This has been fundamental toward the organisational stability experienced within the healthcare market. The prevailing market structures within the Boston community remain fundamental in determining how various stakeholders within the healthcare sector perform. The healthcare sector in Boston remains highly unique as in consists on several world renowned teaching medical centres. Notable among them are Boston Medical Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital, New England Medical Centre, among others. These academic medical centres have a significant contribution not only to the Boston community, but the entire world as well. The reputation of Boston’s healthcare institutions plays a significant role in the existing stricter of the healthcare market within the community. ... The market structures are significantly influenced by the healthcare providers and insurers as well. These two stakeholders have a fundamental role in establishment of the structures. Healthcare providers The healthcare providers form the base for any healthcare system. The providers within this community have continuously struggled to gain sufficient dominance of the market. While seeking to improve on their market dominance, several healthcare providers merged in order to strengthen their market share. Consolidation strategies have been adopted by many healthcare providers, however, majority of these consolidation structures have not produced the desired payoff to the providers(Williams, Christianson, Barraclough, & Gaylin, 1999). The consolidation strategies have caused a reduction in the number of healthcare providers through mergers and partnerships. The healthcare sector in the Boston community has remained dominated by two major organisations; Partner and Caregroup. The sign ificance of Boston healthcare institutions upon the regional healthcare sector has increasingly affected the structure of many providers within the community. Numerous academic healthcare centres have continuously sought affiliates to manage the increasing demand for medical services within the community. These providers continue to be faced with expansion challenges seeking to satisfy the market demand. As opposed to other medical providers, the academic centres receive high numbers of referrals from other providers within and outside Boston. These referrals continue to present a challenge to the academic medical providers as they seek expansion through mergers with other facilities. Other providers