Corporate communication plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate communication plans - Essay Example In the analysis using the various model such as power- interest matrix and stakeholder salience model, it shows the areas in which the Ryanair airline need to improve and change to be able their customer satisfaction. The report has put an effort to help the Ryanair Company to address the challenge by outline several proposals that can improve its reputation, quality of customer services and promotion of the company in the market by using its corporate communication effectively. Corporate communication is the strategy that organizations manage and plan both internal and external communications aiming at creating favorable and reputable view among its stakeholders. It is an integrative communication structure linking stakeholders to the organization, through it, stakeholders perception of the organizations identity and image and reputation are formed (John& Balmer, 1999). Corporate communication is considered key management function. It all about managing the relationship with a company with stakeholder to maximize the corporate reputation capital. Corporate communications have the significant role in creating and maintaining businesses images of corporate entities. It is an efficient strategy organization uses to communicate the brand value and reputation to its customers, stakeholders and the target audience. Corporate reputation is the major pillar that builds the image and distinguishes an organization from its competitors. Organizations with the good reputation have developed a picture of their customers mind that help in identifying the brand, logo, product and services an organization offers. The perception of financiers, customers, and stakeholders of any organization is based on the elements of corporate communication, where the corporate reputation is the core and enormous impact on both internal and external environment of the organization. However, when

Purpose of satisfying the audience Essay Example for Free

Purpose of satisfying the audience Essay On the other hand this is effective because it appeals to the audience and influences their views on Lohan, because it appeals to the audience making them envious of her. In the article from Cosmopolitan Jennifer is more in control and has a more appropriate picture for her target audience which is women from 20-30 where as the picture from sugar is suited for young adults from 13-17. The image of Jennifer is natural and has a sharp focus with a light background to make her stand out more. Jennifer looks like the glamorous one as she says that she no longer has to try hard to please others. This is because her hair is tied back just like herself tied away from the publicity. Her hair is tidy and neat like herself and it is unlike Lindsays hair. Lopez is also smiling at you being more welcoming and approachable whereas Lindsay looks rebellious and standoffish which gives Cosmopolitan readers a good impression. The article meets the purpose of entertaining the audience using imagery. The purpose of Lohans article is to introduce Lindsay and make the target audience who are teenagers, more drawn in and interested in Lindsays life t. The tag which is a piece of small text that tells you about the article, works in favour of promoting both celebrities. In Lindsays case; an alleged love for booze and bad boys Lindsays not your average Hollywood A-lister . Sugar uses quick chatty informal language and the use of booze which is colloquial language. It also uses words like nope and stuffin helps to sell and promote her. When sugar uses these types of phrases appeals to teenagers who tend to read quick easy and short texts. Whereas in Lopezs article the use of formal words like speculation and identifies and longer sentences are appropriate to entertain and satisfy the audience which are adults. They are more effective to the target audience making them feel the magazine is made just for them, but advertising the celebrities at the same time. The articles are trying to publicize Jennifer and Lindsay by putting a positive light on them. Both the articles satisfy the audience because they tell you about an everyday situation and problem. For example the celebritys love life but it is more alluring because it is based and happening to a celebrity and it is easier to compare with our own lives. In Lindsays situation its all about her wanting a boyfriend, however in Lopezs view its more about her former boyfriends and the fact that now shes at the age where she doesnt need men, which appeal to adults. The text is in favour of Lindsay, we can see this because the article talks about her life and the gossip talk that teenagers are interested in. a reported fling with Fred durst (well who hasnt? ) The article is talking about Lindsays relationship, they point the finger at Fred making it seem normal to go out with different boys, saying what Lindsay is doing is right. Which is a popular subject in teenage talk, appealing to the target audience? There is a great contradiction with her wanting to be normal. Sugar says Hollywood clones sport blonde hair, spray on tans and skinny bods And, well, normal figure here sugar says that Lindsay stands out because she doesnt look like other celebrities. She is no longer a red head or has a curvy figure but looks like a Hollywood clone. This is effective to the audience because the target audience are being entertained with this contradiction. She no longer stands out or is not normal in her figure and looks. The anchorage which is a small piece of text at the bottom of a page next to Lohans picture, gives an extra feature which supports the view of Lohan being important. Apparently Colin Farrell turned down the lovely Lindsay when did he get so fussy The anchorage is pointing the finger at Farrell, making him look bad but in my view it just makes Lindsay look more desperate and in need of promotion. Farrell is a celebrity known for his popularity for dating all girls. Whereas Jennifer Lopez doesnt seem to need it, because she has so many years of experience in the celebrity light. The desperation of Lindsay Lohan is more apparent now because she looks like another Hollywood clone, shes become skinny and blonde just like her friend Paris Hilton ( a popular super model) from looking healthy uniquely beautiful to skinny and blonde. In other words selling herself more then she needs to. She is contradicting herself because in the article when shes asked about dieting she says NO! its sad how people have become so aware of how they look, but now shes completely changed herself. The two articles entertain, inform and sell the celebrities lives in a positive light and satisfy the audience using imagery and words appealing to the target audience. In Lohans case she is promoting herself to please her target audience using colloquial language and sorter text. Whereas in Lopezs article, it refers to her love life and puts her in a positive light towards her target audience. Using longer words, formal language and text. The type of language and the length of the text suits and satisfies the different audiences.

My Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Educational Teacher Essays

My Teaching Philosophy The nature of knowledge should be relative. Each student is different, and their education should fit their needs. Education should help the child grow both mentally and emotionally. Students should be given the right to think on their own. They do not need a teacher who will take their free will away. Students should not have to conform to something in which they do not believe. They should have their own thought processes. The best philosophical approach toward a child’s education is progressivism. Progressivism allows the child to be a free-thinking individual. My teaching method will let the students become critical thinkers who can use their knowledge in the â€Å"outside world†. To accomplish this I will use praise as the main source of reward. Telling a child they are doing well, will encourage them to do better. My students will be allowed to voice their opinions without being judged. I want to become a teacher because I want to feel like I am accomplishing something special. Teachers have the ability to transform their students into free thinking individuals, and I would like nothing better than to help a student to find his or her place in the world. The overall purpose of education is to teach children the basic skills that they will need in life. Their education will be integrated with what they plan to accomplish. They can learn through an experience related curriculum, such as internships and group projects. If stud...

Free Narrative Essays - I Was Poor, Not Low Class :: Example Personal Narratives

I Was Poor, Not Low Class Remember as a child people would tell you, "You are what you eat." When you are fed fat, you will become fat. When fed violence, you become violent. A diet of anger will make you hate. Hunger will make you hungrier, or so it would seem. I think it is ironic that we teach children at a young age to judge people by means other than the content of their character. Then, we expect children to be honest and loving after being labeled by how others view them. After all, how many people, besides your closest friends and family, can walk into your room and point to items that give a reflection of who you really are? The thought of being that shallow and simple is unthinkable for most of the human species. Instead of being labeled by the world as it sees me, I plan to introduce myself to the world for who I really am. I have eaten from the plate of materialism, only to find that it tasted foul in my mouth. I bought the high-end stereo and the large television. I soon realized these possessions made me feel guilty because I was ignoring my upbringing. I was betraying all of the feelings that I felt as a child in a poor family. Now, my walls are bare because I do not like to surround myself with propaganda. The same propaganda advertisers flaunted in front of me while I was growing up in a lower income family, not lower class. The notion that the country's population is separated into classes by wealth, with the least wealthy deemed the lower class, is repulsive to me. I refuse to conform to the typical American consumer stereotype who needs material possessions to feel validated, ever again. My dorm room is highlighted by a loft I built myself. The loft was not purchased from a hardware store or from a designer catalog. I used my carpentry knowledge and my own two hands to carefully construct the perfect loft. The loft does not symbolize convenience or organization as most may think. It is a symbol of my incredible independence, even to a fault.

The Psychoanalysis Theory

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. Freud, a neurologist which has great interests in finding out a treatment for patients with neurotic and hysterical symptoms devised psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1890s. He called this, â€Å"the hypothesis of unconscious mental activities† (Hook 3). He then developed a method in which talking with the patients is involved. Through this, he found out that the problems of the patients with these kinds of illness stemmed from either repression and/or problems which the patients encountered during childhood. These problems, as Freud believed, lies in the unconscious minds of the persons involved. These problems may not be overtly manifested by the patients, however, in one point in their lives, it will eventually come out. Probably, the main question Freud gives is that, what could possibly have happened during the person’s childhood which affected the way he/she behaves presently? This question is primarily needed for the psychoanalyst to be able to decipher why a certain being acts the way he does. One of the guiding principles of psychoanalysis is the assumption that the problems of the patients in need of psychotherapy lies within the unconscious. This however, was given proof by Freud. According to him, â€Å"the unconscious is the storehouse of instinctual desires, needs, and psychic actions. Also, the unconscious mind acts as a reservoir for repressed memories of traumatic events which continuously influence conscious thoughts and behavior. While past thoughts and memories may be deleted from immediate consciousness, they direct the thoughts and feelings of the individual from the realm of the unconscious†. Through psychoanalysis, these past thoughts and memories which are stored in the unconscious are then unlocked through a process which is called the â€Å"talk therapy†. It is believed that neurotic problems stemmed from the unconscious. These problems, according to Freud, can sometimes manifest themselves in dreams.   The aim, therefore, of psychoanalysis is to bring the repressed memories in the unconscious to the consciousness through a psychoanalytic treatment for it to be addressed accordingly. No matter how successful the movement became, many critics still emerged and deliberately demonstrated their disbelief to the said movement. One of the major critics of Freud’s psychoanalysis is Grà ¼nbaum. In 1986, he said that â€Å"†¦more often than not, they may be the patient's responses to the suggestions and expectations of the analyst† (186).   He is referring to the clinical data gathered by the psychoanalyst. He claims therefore, that psychoanalysis is not reliable because of the fact that most of the patients respond according to what their analysts want to hear. However, if we are going to go through the aim of psychoanalysis, we will find out that Freud was trying to find out â€Å"reasons† rather than â€Å"causes† so therefore, results are technically not important. His main focus was on how the patients will respond to a certain question and how these patients would reason out when given a certain problem. Technically, the procedure is merely a problem solving process. Another critic, Torrey Fuller, considered by some to be a leading American psychiatrist, writing in Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists (1986) stated that psychoanalytic theories have no more scientific basis than the theories of traditional native healers, â€Å"witchdoctors† or modern â€Å"cult† alternatives. In fact, an increasing number of scientists regard psychoanalysis as a pseudoscience (Cioffi, F. 1998). However, this claim by Fuller, was countered by one of the proponents of psychoanalysis by saying that the concepts and theories of psychoanalysis are more akin to the humanities than those of the physica/biological sciences. Therefore, even if they claim that it is not scientific, they cannot push through with that kind of argument. When Freud died, psychoanalysis continued to flourished in its role in solving mysteries with the unconscious. In fact, there emerged the post-freuedian schools which are the Object Relations Theory and the Interpersonal Psychoanalysis. These schools of thought reinforced, in some ways, the psychoanalytic movement proposed by Freud. The Object Relations theory states that the ego-self exist only in relation to objects, be it internal or external. These objects, basically, are said to be formed through interactions with the parents during childhood. According to object-relations theory there are three fundamental â€Å"affects† that can exist between the self and the other; attachment, frustration, and rejection. These â€Å"affects† are considered as the major building blocks of the personality. Therefore, if these affects are triggered, there is the possibility that a change of personality may occur; a changein terms of a person’s perception towards a particular thing or can be a change with regards to a person’s ability to interact with other people. These kinds of changes, as believed by Freudian theorists, may be addressed through psychoanalysis. The Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, on the other hand, states that a patient's interpersonal interactions with others provide insights into the causes and cures of mental disorder. It is believed that patients keep many aspects of interpersonal relationships out of their awareness by selective inattention. The role of psychoanalysis, therefore, is to bring out detailed information from the patient which will lead them to finding out the interpersonal patterns within that patient. In line with the arguments of Freud’s critics, one question that could be raised is that, has psychoanalytic therapy really â€Å"cured† mentally impaired people or are these people just cured because of the fact that they believed that they were cured and not because they really were? There could be a great possibility that people just perceived that he is cured even if he is not. This is one good question that can be addressed with regards to the psychoanalytic process. There were many critics who emerged during the peak of the success of the psychoanalytic movement. Some were for the movement, many were against it. However, it still flourished and up to now, this method is continuously being used. Wholly, Freud’s Psychoanalytic movement has strengths and weaknesses. Probably, part of the strengths of this movement are the facts that clearly, this theory addresses its problem, it can be applied in practical ways and, most importantly, it withstands the test of time. This only means that no matter how many negative criticisms this movement encountered, it is still able to function in such a way that it is being helpful to the society. No matter how many flaws were encountered during the generation of the movement, it is still useful up to this time. In fact, even today, psychoanalysis still remains as a valid option for people who seek help because of mental illness. The movement will continuously flourish because of the fact that it addresses its problems accordingly and it is easy to conduct as long as the involved parties participate accordingly to the process being done. For somebody who whole – heartedly believes in the psychoanalytic movement, it is quite hard to point out certain weaknesses of the movement. However, the only weakness that it might really probably possess is the fact that it might really probably be just giving data which are just interpretations of the analyst which is again, going back to Grà ¼nbaum’s argument, he said that the   patients could probably just saying what the analyst wants to hear. But as stated earlier, Freud’s aim is to find out the â€Å"reasons† and not the â€Å"causes†. The psychoanalytic theory can be considered most useful in addressing problems of patients who are considered mentally impaired. People who undergo Psychoanalysis are people who are emotionally impaired with symptoms like depression or anxiety, loneliness, and incapacity to feel close to anyone. Brain disorders like schizophrenia and autism can be cured through this method as well. However, psychoanalysis would not work with schizophrenics and autistics because such patients ignore their therapist's insights and are resistant to treatment (Dolnick 40). Depression, loneliness, and the incapacity to feel close to anyone, as believed by Freud, to be easily addressed through psychoanalysis, are states wherein a person experiences difficulty in coping up with changes that are constantly happening to his surroundings. He therefore encounters a feeling of being unwanted by the society. With this kind of feeling, the person involved then lacks self esteem which he needs in order for him to get along with the people around him. Freud believed that this kind of problem can be solved if proper interventions will be done and proper techniques of communication will put into practice. This is when the person involved is willing to talk about his problems; the things that makes him think that he is unwanted by other people; the reasons why he is having a hard time coping up with the changes happening around him. Through talking the problem out, the person can now feel that somebody is there to listen to him. This kind of method only works if the person involved is willing enough to disclose himself to another person. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. Personally, based on the studies done for this particular topic, I believe that it really is an effective way intervening people with certain problems with their behavior. With the different studies done by Freud, there are ample evidences that conscious thought and behavior are influenced by non-conscious memories and processes. As stated earlier, the psychotherapy could greatly help people with mental and emotional problems by knowing the past events that greatly affects people’s thought and ideas through unlocking the â€Å"unconscious† thereby being able to decipher why a certain person acts the way he does, and thereby addressing the mental problem of the patient. Works Cited Hook, Sidney, ed. Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method, and Philosophy: A Symposium.   New York: New York University Press, 1959. The researcher use data from Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method, and Philosophy: A Symposium to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. The book talks about Psychoanalysis as a scientific theory and not as a mere philosophical theory, it aims to answer the different questions thrown against the movement. It is through this book that the researcher was able to make strong points against the different debates against the movement. The book also gave enough background about the rise and development of the movement. Freud, Sigmund. An outline of psycho – analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. The researcher use data from An outline of psycho – analysis to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. This is a book that focuses on Freud’s psychoanalysis movement. It talks about the fundamentals of psychoanalysis. He marshals here the whole range of psychoanalytic theory and therapy in lucid prose and continues his open-mindedness to new departures. The researcher used the source to describe Psychoanalysis as a whole on the first part of the paper. The researcher also used this to counter some arguments thrown against the movement. Grunbaum, Adolf. The foundations of psychoanalysis. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985. The researcher use data from The foundations of psychoanalysis to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. This is a philosophical critique of the foundations of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Through this book, Grunbaum was able to state his debates against Freud’s psychoanalysis. The researcher uses the data, to cite an example of debates against the movement. Cioffi, F. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. New York: Open Court Publishing Company, 1998. The researcher use data from Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. The book has shown that psychoanalysis was actually more concrete to humanities rather than the biophysical science. Like a study by Dolnick, cited below, it also discusses debates on the movements, as well as attacks on Freud himself. The researcher was able to get enough background on causes why debates against the movement started. Dolnick, Edward. Madness on the couch: Blaming the victim in the heyday of psychoanalysis. New York: Simon & Chester, 1998. The researcher use data from Madness on the couch: Blaming the victim in the heyday of psychoanalysis to strengthen the topic sentence that Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis is a theory which tries to discover the connections between the unconscious components of a patient’s mental processes. This book focused on the pseudoscientific theories and dangerous practices that emerged and flourished in the wake of World War II as American psychotherapists battled to understand and treat schizophrenia, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Though unlike Cioffi’s Freud and the question of Pseudoscience, this one strongly emphasize that psychoanalysis did more harm than good to patients. It is through this, that the researcher was able to cite some examples to strengthen. his position with regards to the psychoanalytic movement.

Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion

Muhammad Ali Becomes World Heavyweight Champion On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, better known as  Muhammad Ali, fought defending champion Charles Sonny Liston for the world heavyweight title in Miami Beach, Florida. Although it was nearly unanimously believed that Clay would be knocked out by round two if not earlier, it was Liston who lost the fight after refusing at the beginning of round seven to continue fighting.  This fight was one of the largest upsets in sports history, setting Cassius Clay on a long path of fame and controversy. Who Was Muhammad Ali? Cassius Clay, renamed Muhammad Ali right after this historic fight, had started boxing at the age of 12 and by 18 had won the light-heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Olympic Games.   Clay trained long and hard to be the best at boxing, but many at the time thought his fast feet and hands didnt have enough power in them to beat a true heavyweight champion like Liston.   Plus, the 22-year-old Clay, a decade younger than Liston, seemed a bit crazy. Clay, known as the Louisville Lip, was constantly boasting that he would knock out Liston and calling him the big, ugly bear, riling up both Liston and the press into a frenzy over his wild taunts. While Clay used these tactics to unsteady his opponents and to garner publicity for himself, others thought it was a sign that he was afraid or just plain crazy. Who Was Sonny Liston? Sonny Liston, known as the Bear for his giant size, had been the world heavyweight champion since 1962. He was rough, tough, and hit really, really hard. Having been arrested more than 20 times, Liston learned to box while in prison, becoming a professional boxer in 1953. Listons criminal background played a big role in his unlikable public personae, but his hard-hitting style earned him enough wins via knockout that he was not to be ignored.   For most folks in 1964, it seemed a no brainer that Liston, who had just knocked out the last serious contender for the title in the first round, would pummel this young, loud-mouthed challenger. People were betting 1 to 8 on the match, favoring Liston. The World Heavyweight Fight At the start of the fight on February 25, 1964, at the Miami Beach Convention Center, Liston was overconfident. Although nursing an injured shoulder, he expected an early knockout like his last three big fights and so had not spent much time training. Cassius Clay, on the other hand, had trained hard and was thoroughly ready. Clay was faster than most other boxers and his plan was to dance around the powerful Liston until Liston tired out. Alis plan worked. Liston, weighing in at the slightly heavy 218 pounds, was surprisingly dwarfed by the 210 1/2-pound Clay. When the bout began, Clay bounced, danced, and bobbed frequently, confusing Liston and making a very difficult target. Liston tried to get a solid punch in, but round one ended without much actual hitting. Round two ended with a cut under Listons eye and Clay not only still standing, but holding his own.  Round three and four saw both men looking tired but determined. At the end of the fourth round, Clay complained that his eyes were hurting. Wiping them with a wet rag helped a little, but Clay basically spent the entire fifth round trying to evade the blurry Liston. Liston tried to use this to his advantage and went on the attack, but the lithe Clay surprisingly managed to stay up the whole round. By the sixth round, Liston was exhausted and Clays eyesight was returning. Clay was a dominant force in the sixth round, getting in several good combinations. When the bell rang for the start of the seventh round, Liston stayed seated. He had hurt his shoulder and was worried about the cut under his eye. He just didnt want to continue the fight. It was a real shock that Liston ended the fight while still seated in the corner. Excited, Clay did a little dance, now called the Ali shuffle, in the middle of the ring. Cassius Clay was declared the winner and became the heavyweight boxing champion of the world.

5 Hospital Lawn Service Essays

5 Hospital Lawn Service Essays 5 Hospital Lawn Service Paper 5 Hospital Lawn Service Paper FOR:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {LAWN SERVICE}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 HOSPITAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {FACILITY, COUNTY}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {CITY, STATE} BID TO:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 HOSPITAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {STREET ADDRESS}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {CITY, STATE, ZIP}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TELEPHONE: BID FROM:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     _______________CABRO LANDSCAPERS_______________________   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Name of Bidder)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     ____________________La, 30002________________________   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Address)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  __Thompsons______, _New Jersey___, _____00200______   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (City)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (State)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Zip Code)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  _______123 456 789 0_____   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Telephone Number)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ______08/08/2010____   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Date Bid Submitted) 1.0   BIDDER’S REPRESENTATIONS Bidder, represent that a) it and all its subcontractors, regardless of tier, have the appropriate current and active contractor’s license required by the State of New Jersey and the Bidding documents; b) it has carefully read and examined the Bidding Documents for the Lawn Service; c) it has examined the site for the Lawn Service and all Information Available to Bidders; d) it has become familiar with all the conditions related to the Lawn Service, including the availability of labor, materials, and equipment. Bidder hereby offers to furnish all labor, materials, equipment, tools, transportation, and services necessary to complete the Lawn Service in accordance with the Contract Documents for the sum quoted. Bidder represents that the Key Personnel identified in its Prequalification submittal shall be the Bidder’s personnel identified in its provision of the contract, if the contract is awarded to the Bidder. Bidder further agrees that it will not withdraw its Bid withi n {60} days after the Bid Deadline, and that, if it is selected as the apparent lowest responsive and responsible Bidder, that it will, within 10 days after receipt of notice of selection, sign and deliver to 5 HOSPITAL the Agreement in triplicate and furnish to 5 HOSPITAL all items required by the Bidding Documents. If awarded the LAWN SERVICE CONTRACT, Bidder agrees to complete the proposed work for phase 1 within {120} days after the date of commencement specified in the Notice to Proceed and to complete the work for phase 2 within {90} days after the date for commencement specified in the Notice to Proceed if 5 HOSPITAL exercises its option for phase 2. 2.0   ADDENDA Bidder acknowledges that it is Bidder’s responsibility to ascertain whether any Addenda have been issued and if so, to obtain copies of such Addenda from 5 HOSPITAL’s Facility at the appropriate address stated on Page 1 of this Bid Form. Bidder agrees to be bound by all Addenda that have been issued for this Bid. 3.0 CONTRACT SUM – PHASE 1 The Contract Sum at time of award will be the Phase 1 Contract Sum. 4.0   OPTION SUM – PHASE 2 0 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . 0 0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $ Bidder includes in the Option Sum – Phase 2, the following allowances: $ {100,000} for {Overtime Allowance} $ {60,000} for {Responsibility Allowance} $ {35,000} for {Accommodation Allowance} 5.0   SELECTION OF APPARENT LOW BIDDER As specified in instruction to Bidder for selection of Apparent Low Bidder. 6.0   UNIT PRICES ($) Unit Price for {Grass Seedlings} as specified in section {014} Estimated Quantity of units: {1000} 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 Per {100 units} Unit Price for {Flower Seedlings} as specified in section {015} Estimated Quantity of units: {500} 0 0 8 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 Per {100 units} Unit Price for {Tree Seedlings} as specified in section {016} Estimated Quantity of units: {100} 0 0 4 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 Per {100 units} 7.0   DAILY RATE FOR COMPENSATION FOR CONSUMABLE DELAYS ($) Bidder shall determine and provide below the daily rate of compensation for any Compensable Delay caused by 5 HOSPITAL at any time during the performance of the work for Phase 2: 0 0 0 , 5 0 0 . 0 0 X {90} multiplier 5 HOSPITAL will perform the extension of the daily rate times the multiplier. 8.0   ALTERNATES NOT USED 9.0   LIST OF SUBCONTRACTORS Bidder will use Subcontractors for the work included in this Bid (Option Sum – Phase 2). 10.0 LIST OF CHANGES IN SUBCONTRACTORS DUE TO ALTERNATES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. 10.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BIDDER INFORMATION TYPE OF ORGANIZATION:   Partnership. PERSONS SIGNING ON BEHALF OF BIDDER: Mary Gorretty – General Manager John Mark – Operations Manager ALL GENERAL PARTNERS 1. Erica Sam Mather Richardson Michael Lyon Paul Simons George Robin NEW JERSEY CONTRACTORS LICENSE(S): General Landscaping,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  123456,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  31/12/2015   Ã‚  Ã‚   (Classification)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (License No.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Expiry Date) 11.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REQUIRED COMPLETED ATTACHMENTS The following documents are submitted with and made a condition for this bid: Bid security in form of Certified Check A Completed CM/Contractor Expanded List of Subcontractors form Copy of New Jersey Contractors license 12.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   DECLARATION I, Mary Gorretty, hereby declare that I am the General Manager of CABRO LANDSCAPERS submitting this Bid Form; that I am duly authorized to execute this Bid Form on behalf of Bidder; and that all information set forth in this Bid Form and all attachments hereto are, to the best of my knowledge, true, accurate, and complete as of its submission date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I declare, under penalty of perjury, that the foregoing is true and correct and that this declaration was executed at Thompsons, State of New Jersey, on 8/08/2010.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ____________________   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Signature) QUALITY CONTROL PLAN Our Contract Administration services consist of the following: Project Supervision We will provide project contract administration, project monitoring, create and maintain daily log of the project activities, respond to request for information, prepare contract change order documentation, prepare weekly project reports, prepare monthly payment vouchers, review and maintain contractor’s project schedule, conduct periodic site meetings, and provide project start-up and commissioning. Field Office During the project, the Contract Administrator at our home office will be the initial contact point for both the project contractor and all associated vendors. Temporary project-site office will be set up if need be. The site office will enjoy full home-office support at all times. The home-office support will be available to technical input when called up. Home-office staff will conduct periodic site visitations for purposes of inspection, progress documentation, and preparation of field reports for the contractor’s home office and our home office. Project Contract Administrator The main role of the PCA is to personally ensure the contractor is complying with the project plan and specifications, and with other contract requirements. The PCA will be on stand-by for communication with the contractor, and conduct periodic visitation to the project site to support and monitor the Project Monitor. Project Monitor During this project, the Project Contract Administrator will appoint a Project Monitor to keep a daily project log, and to be at the site-office on a daily basis to observe project operations and report directly to the PCA, who is responsible for the actions of the Project Monitor. Daily Log Among the responsibilities of the site-office is maintaining a daily log of the project operations as observed by and documented by the Project Monitor. This would include photographs as well as narrative description of the daily progress. This documentation should be relayed to the home-office on daily basis. Requests For Information The field office would maintain a log for RFI requests submitted from the contractor and will rely such RFI to the home-office for clarification if the Project Monitor cannot provide answers to the requests. The RFI will be submitted in a numbered sequence and identified by the sequence number. Weekly Project Report The Project Monitor shall write a weekly report to describe the project progress for the previous week, and any unusual occurrences. Contractor’s Project Schedule The Project Administrator and the Project Monitor will monitor the progress schedule on weekly basis and determine adherence to the project schedule. Field Change Orders The field office would have the capacity of providing design and documentation of small field change orders. Contract Change Orders These will be prepared forehand to respond to possible requests for project changes by the hospital to meet changing mission or project function requirements. Home Office Support Control all field activities to ensure that the project is undertaken according to contract specifications. Contract Administration Resources: Contact Administrator (CA): Project Contract Administrator (PCA): Project Monitor (PM): The management of Cabro Landscapers has approved this quality control policy, has required implementation of this plan by employees, vendors, suppliers, associates and subcontractors, and directs that compliance to this plan is mandatory. ACCIDENT PREVENTION PLAN Home-office’s Responsibilities:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Devote the resources necessary to eliminate any and all hazards in the project site.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Participate as a member of the Safety Committee, and pay everyone on the Committee for the time spent on safety work.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have a system for hazard reporting that makes it easy for anyone to report any unsafe conditions, equipment or actions.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide training on the Accident Prevention Plan and in how to do each job safely. Site worker’s Responsibilities:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Read, understand and follow this Accident Prevention Plan. Report any unsafe condition or action to Contract Project Administrator or to Project Monitor.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not remove or by-pass any safety device.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) In case of emergencies  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use the nearest alarm station to alert everyone else on site.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evacuate the site and go to the assembly point between the parking lot and the street out in front of the building. Ensure someone has called 911.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do a head-count on everyone from your work area and if anyone is missing, notify the responding safety committee immediately when they arrive. Do not go back into a dangerous situation to look for anyone! Injuries:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All injuries must be treated, and all injuries must be reported.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any employee who sees or detects a serious injury is expected to either call 911 themselves or notify someone else to call.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An â€Å"Accident, Incident, or Injury Report† – using a form like that shown in this Plan – will be filled out and turned into Janet. She will keep the file of reports and make sure the Safety Committee does a follow-up. Employee safety orientations:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before anyone starts working at the project site, they must read this Accident Prevention Plan and then take a safety orientation site tour with the Project Contract Administrator.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Employees who will drive project vehicles must have an initial â€Å"check ride† with me or a lead worker, and must have an annual re-evaluation.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of any prior job experience they may have, no employee will begin working a new job or task before reviewing the safe work procedures and required personal protective equipment the Project Contract Administrator.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every employee will attend refresher safety training monthly. Other sessions may be held if special needs arise: results of incident investigations, new equipment or processes, safety inspections show a need for training. Safety committee:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Safety Committee will have one scheduled meeting each month. Other meetings may be called if urgent safety issues come up. Each meeting will have minutes recorded in writing.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Co pies of the minutes for all months will be available for review in the Employee Information bookcase.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There will be at least one management representative and two employee representatives at each meeting.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There will be three employee rep elected by ballots given to each employee of the company. Personal Protective Equipment:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eye protection will be worn at all times while operating machinery or power tools.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ear plugs or other hearing protection must be worn while operating a power saw, the planer, or the shop vacuum. Operating machinery and power tools:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No fixed or portable power tool will be used unless the manufacturer-supplied safeguards are in place and fully operational.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     No power tool will be adjusted or worked on with the power still connected.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Formal lock-out/tag-out procedures will always be followed for those machines identified as requiring them.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Each employee is required to use their supplied personal protective equipment in those areas designated for their use.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Each employee must inspect their personal protective equipment prior to its use.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     PPE that is worn, broken or otherwise unsuitable will be turned in for free replacement.

Essay about Narrative Physician and Dr. Gurd

Essay about Narrative Physician and Dr. Gurd Essay about Narrative: Physician and Dr. Gurd At the age of 12 I had been told that I have Scoliosis. It’s basically a deformity of the spine in which instead of it being straight it was curved in the shape of an â€Å"S.† It is also genetic, I had gotten it from my dad but his scoliosis fixed itself, mine wasn’t so easy. My mom had taken me to multiple doctors and then one had given me a brace to wear while I was asleep. I had to wear it every night and I could only sleep without it once a month. Then I was referred to a doctor named Dr. Gurd, he had looked at my x-rays and told my mom surgery would have been the best option. He had referred us to his son, and he did my spine surgery. It took some time to get it all planned with the extra things like MRI’s and blood work; but I finally was able to have my surgery in 2009. The nurses got me all prepared and then Dr. Gurd came in to talk to my mom and I. He made sure I knew the rules for after my surgery, I wasn’t able to twist or bend and I couldn’t lift anything heavier than 5 pounds. They put an I.V in my hand and then they brought me into the surgery room. When I fell asleep they told my mom she could leave now that I was asleep. She looked at me and notice that my eyes were open some. She told them that there was no way I was asleep if my eyes were still open. Well we can just say the nurses made the bad of pulling my eyelids down and then proceeding to say â€Å"See, if she wasn’t asleep we wouldn’t be able to do that.† My mom didn’t like that at all, she told me that she started to freak out and cry because she felt that if a doctor does that then the patient is dead. But after the surgery was over I woke up with a tube down my throat and I didn’t like that I didn’t have my robe on when I woke up so I tried to ask

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Modern Knowledge Management Practices - Essay Example Knowledge is nowadays increasingly becoming an ultimate competitive advantage either replacing or complementing such traditional sources of success as technologies, marketing mix, and often even financial resources (Malhotra, 1998). Modern business history lists a number of instances when knowledge-centred management has helped create competitive advantage of organisations and even countries formerly limited in financial and other resources. For Microsoft, Dell, IBM (which is believed to be one of the founders of the paradigm), Compaq, British Airways, Ryan Air and other major organisations knowledge management has become the cornerstone of success. The same is true for such countries as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong which rely on the national knowledge economy. Over the last two decades, organizations have often been described in terms of knowledge and learning with the help of such concepts as "learning organisation", "intellectual capital", "people-centred approach" or "knowledge based management". Cakar and Bititci (2001) perfectly summarise this trend in the following statement: "1980s were all about automation. In the manufacturing industry FMS, FAS, Robots, AGV'S etc. were commonplace. The 1990s have been about people, this is evident in the development of concepts throughout the 90's focusing on delegation, involvement, ownership cross functional teamwork, self managed works teams and so on The needs of modern business emphasize the role and importance of people and knowledge" (p.2). The ideas of Peter Drucker (1994), whom was the first to use term 'knowledge worker', became widely recognised in 1980s, particularly the idea that investments in human resources were increasingly becoming more cost-efficient than investments in machines. In 1986, European knowledge management pioneer Karl-Erik Sveiby described the concept of a "know-how company" (Doz, Santos & Williamson, 2001), and in 1991 the ideas of knowledge management were reconsidered by Ikujiro Nonako (1991) whom presented the idea of "knowledge-creating company". The 1996 could be considered the turning point in history of knowledge management: the influence of this paradigm became overwhelming in the developed countries (Skyrme, 2002). While earlier on knowledge used to produce goods, these days it is used to produce other knowledge and information: "what is specific to the informational mode of development is the action of knowledge upon knowledge itself as the main source of productivity" (Mishel & Bernstein, 1996: 17). In other words, the process of creation and sharing knowledge has become the key for strengthening the competitive and successful outcomes of modern organisations. Probably the main reason for such shift is the improved understanding of the importance of knowledge created and shared within organisation. At the same time, the changed patterns of managing human resources made the businesses pay more attention to tacit knowledge the employees possess. Main discussion Originally emerged in 1960s, the paradigm of HRM relied on the broad range of findings revealed by several outstanding organisational researchers. As Alan

Law in Action Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law in Action - Case Study Example On the death of Patrice and she made no Will or testament, her two kids can be a representative of Patrice or if the husband or Joel is still alive, he could inherit the property provided that Patrice allows him to represent her. At this point, there can be no other choice than him if by the time of Patrice death the kids are still minor. If in case, they are old enough, Joel, being the person alive at that time can choose one of the kids to represent their mother. Joel had been Patrice civil partner for a time, though she is not ready to marry him, he can represent for her. If on the other hand Patrice marries Joel, he will represent her on her death for they were married any way, either civil or church wedding. If no disposition by will shall be made of any estate pur autre vie of a freehold nature, the same shall be chargeable in the hands of the heir, if it shall come to him by reason of special occupancy, as assets by descent as in the case of freehold land and see simple; and in case there shall be no special occupant of any estate pur autre vie, whether freehold or customary freehold, tenant right, customary or copyhold, or of any other tenure, and whether a corporeal or incorporeal hereditament, it shall go to the executor or administrator of the party that had the estate thereof by virtue of the grant; and if the same shall come to the executor or administrator either by reason of a special occupancy or by virtue of this Act, it shall be assets in his hands, and shall go and be applied and distributed in the same manner as the personal estate of the testator or intestate. The only legal estates now capable of subsisting in land being an estate in fee simple absolute or a term of yea rs absolute, estates pur autre vie can now only subsist in the equitable interest in land, legal life estates being abolished (Law of Property Act, 1925) (c. 20), section 1(1), (2), (3), Vol. 15 title Real Property, p.177) As to special occupancy, see section 1 (1) of the Administration of estates Act 1925 (c.23), Vol.8, entitled EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, p 306, by virtue of which real estate to which a deceased person is entitled for an interest not ceasing on his death devolves from time to time on the personal representative of the deceased, in like manner as before the commencement of that Act chattels real devolved from time to time on the personal representative of a deceased person. In early times a married woman was incapable of a will. Her will of land was declared void by statute (Stat. (1542-3) 34 & 35, Hen. 8, c.5 (now repealed)) Her will of real property was equally invalid, not merely because marriage was a gift of real property to her husband, but because in the eye of the law the wife had no existence separate from that of her husband, and no separate contracting or disposing powers. In course of time,

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Solidarity and Soviet Declaration of Martial Law in Poland - Essay Example Terrorists are freedom fighters, repressive governments become saviours, and right becomes wrong in the semantic battle. The implementation of martial law in Poland was a move made by the government to preempt a strike by the independent trade union Solidarity, a strike which would cripple many facets of life in the country and effectively tip the balance of power in the favour of the trade union and other anti- governmental organizations. The basic facts as given above were subjected to vastly opposing interpretations by the Soviet Union and America. While the Americans upheld the right of the trade union workers to rebel against an oppressive and incompetent government, the Soviets condemned the â€Å"subversive† and anti- Polish activities of the group. The Americans look at the struggle as a freedom fight, as a heroic struggle against the unjust. This is immediately evident from the tone of the articles written in the New York Times. Drew Middleton’s article1for example justifies Solidarity’s strikes and bid for power by comparing the events of the time to the history of Poland’s struggle against Russia. He follows the story of Polish insurrections against Czarist rule, emphasizing the brutality of their control over the Poles, using phrases like â€Å"†¦.when he crushed the Polish insurrection of 1830†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when describing the Czar Nicholas the First’s reign. He goes on to impress upon the reader the terrible nature of Russian governance – He builds up a picture of the subjugation of Poland by Russia in the 19th century, from an analysts point of view, implying the parallel with current (i.e. 1981-82) Communist governance. He clearly sees the Polish Solidarity workers as heroes and valiant fighters against injustice; phrases like â€Å"as regularly as the tides, Polish resistance to Russian domination has been reborn and has flourished† clearly point to his comparison between Imperial Russia and

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES & DECISIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES & DECISIONS - Essay Example If the number of such customers is growing, then, there may be chances that the company may have the problem of shortage of cash. And undoubtedly, for organisations, cash is a lifeblood, without them, businesses will not be able to sustain and continue doing business. Businesses that are too short of cash will not be able to succeed and eventually fail no matter how profitable they may be. It is the policy of credit control that ensures that the smooth flow of cash is constantly occurring and the given amount of credit is within limits. Some credit policies are used to control credit. For instance, some companies ask their customers to repay the amount of credit within a particular period of time. On repaying the amount of credit, these customers will be given some benefit in the shape of additional reduction on the credit amount. Many customers avail the option of this credit policy. And in this way, company becomes able to adjust their control of credit in the most appropriate way. If a company does not control its credit, in the long term, the credit may be changed into bad debts. And when a credit amount is changed into the shape of bad debts, it becomes difficult for the company to ensure the repayment of that amount. Subsequently, this would not be a good sign for the company. And this would put some more pressure on the financial statements of the company in the long term. It is this opportune time for the company to highlight those causes that have contributed in the occurrence of bad debts for the company. P2 (02.1.02): Calculate the WACC of a company, and explain its uses WACC = ke [(market value of equity/A)] + kd [(1-t) (market value of debt/A)]. (Where as A=market value of equity + market value of debt) Market value of total equity = $12*1500 shares; = $18000. Ke = [$0.2 / $12] + 25% Ke = 26.67% Kd (1-t) = 10% . Where A = $18000+$200 A = $18200 WACC = 26.67%($18000/$18200) + 10%($200/$18200) WACC = 26.51% Uses of Weighted Average of Cost of Capital Schweser(c) (2010, p. 34) mentions that weighted average cost of capital is the discount rate which is used to discount the cash flows associated with a capital budgeting project. Weighted average cost of capital is the average cost of finance. Company arranges and uses different means and methods to arrange capital for the purpose of investment in different projects. Equity’s ordinary shares, preferred shares and short term and long term debt are collected with the help of different sources. Undoubtedly, these are important sources and company is required to pay different interests. Collectively, these different interests are paid on different debts obtained by the company, are called as cost of capital. Weighted average of cost of capital takes into account all the relevant factors that have influence on the capital structure of company. By taking into account, company with the help and use of weighted average of cost of capital more exactly achieve the actual and exact co st of finance. Furthermore, weighted average of cost of capital can be used to appraise of some of possible investments. Some companies have different projects for the purpose of investment in them. On the face of it, it becomes difficult for them to make profitable decision. And in order to know which project is going to be more profitable than the other projects available under the investment appraisal

The role of men in The house of the Spirits and in Chronicle of a Essay

The role of men in The house of the Spirits and in Chronicle of a Death Foretold - Essay Example Truth be told in both of these novels, men do play important roles but the way women function and become the focus point is highly commendable on their part. The clear irony is that though the men feel that they are the decision makers, the women seem to always get their way. This is especially shown in â€Å"The House of the Spirits† where the novel is written by a woman. Isabel Allende, the author of â€Å"House of the Spirits† enumerates on the myth and magic in addition to the politics of her homeland especially in her portrayal of men as only accessories to the women’s’ lives, where men only exist because of the women. However, In Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s â€Å"Chronicle of a Death Foretold† the women are honored or enjoy an honorable status, but they do not replace the men, and in this novel are still considered as housewives, and are trained to be so. The women acknowledge this fact because their only goal in life is marriage, which clearly shows that it was a sexist society. This point is clearly brought out in the following sentences. â€Å"The brothers were brought up to be men. The girls had been reared to get married. They knew how to do screen embroidery, sew by machine, weave bone lace, wash and iron, make artificial flowers and fancy candy, and write engagement announcements.† (p30). The above s entences show how these women based or dedicated their whole life to their men and did not mind suffering as long as they were married. As a matter of fact these women exhibited their suffering, just to prove how committed they were. This can be seen in the following statement which says, - â€Å"Any man will be happy with them because they’ve been raised to suffer.† This also goes to show, that love is rarely an important dimension to their marriage in the first place. On the other hand, the men in â€Å"Chronicle of a Death Foretold† however, although not often married through the strong bond of love, are extremely overprotective of their women, whether

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES & DECISIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES & DECISIONS - Essay Example If the number of such customers is growing, then, there may be chances that the company may have the problem of shortage of cash. And undoubtedly, for organisations, cash is a lifeblood, without them, businesses will not be able to sustain and continue doing business. Businesses that are too short of cash will not be able to succeed and eventually fail no matter how profitable they may be. It is the policy of credit control that ensures that the smooth flow of cash is constantly occurring and the given amount of credit is within limits. Some credit policies are used to control credit. For instance, some companies ask their customers to repay the amount of credit within a particular period of time. On repaying the amount of credit, these customers will be given some benefit in the shape of additional reduction on the credit amount. Many customers avail the option of this credit policy. And in this way, company becomes able to adjust their control of credit in the most appropriate way. If a company does not control its credit, in the long term, the credit may be changed into bad debts. And when a credit amount is changed into the shape of bad debts, it becomes difficult for the company to ensure the repayment of that amount. Subsequently, this would not be a good sign for the company. And this would put some more pressure on the financial statements of the company in the long term. It is this opportune time for the company to highlight those causes that have contributed in the occurrence of bad debts for the company. P2 (02.1.02): Calculate the WACC of a company, and explain its uses WACC = ke [(market value of equity/A)] + kd [(1-t) (market value of debt/A)]. (Where as A=market value of equity + market value of debt) Market value of total equity = $12*1500 shares; = $18000. Ke = [$0.2 / $12] + 25% Ke = 26.67% Kd (1-t) = 10% . Where A = $18000+$200 A = $18200 WACC = 26.67%($18000/$18200) + 10%($200/$18200) WACC = 26.51% Uses of Weighted Average of Cost of Capital Schweser(c) (2010, p. 34) mentions that weighted average cost of capital is the discount rate which is used to discount the cash flows associated with a capital budgeting project. Weighted average cost of capital is the average cost of finance. Company arranges and uses different means and methods to arrange capital for the purpose of investment in different projects. Equity’s ordinary shares, preferred shares and short term and long term debt are collected with the help of different sources. Undoubtedly, these are important sources and company is required to pay different interests. Collectively, these different interests are paid on different debts obtained by the company, are called as cost of capital. Weighted average of cost of capital takes into account all the relevant factors that have influence on the capital structure of company. By taking into account, company with the help and use of weighted average of cost of capital more exactly achieve the actual and exact co st of finance. Furthermore, weighted average of cost of capital can be used to appraise of some of possible investments. Some companies have different projects for the purpose of investment in them. On the face of it, it becomes difficult for them to make profitable decision. And in order to know which project is going to be more profitable than the other projects available under the investment appraisal

How the recent economic recession has impacted U.S. aerospace Research Paper

How the recent economic recession has impacted U.S. aerospace manufacturing industry - Research Paper Example This industry is mainly concerned with the manufacturing and planning of new and improved spacecraft to explore the universe, designing aircraft for the transport of the civilians and military services as well as missiles with the aim of national defense. The industry employs nearly 1703000 people retaining the global diverse talents. Owing to the heavy investment in the research related functions a significant percentage of the people employed with the aerospace are scientists, engineers and technicians (Cook, n.d.). b. Short history of Boeing and Airbus Boeing is the leader in the manufacturing of space, defense and security systems and commercial jetliners. A top ranked exporter in US the company serves customers across 90 countries. The products and services of the company include military & commercial aircraft, weapons, electronics, satellites and defense systems, launch systems, advanced communication & information systems. The airline has long history of aerospace innovation a nd leadership. The company has continually expanded its product lines and services to satisfy the growing needs of the customers (Boeing. 2011). Aircraft ranks among the leading manufacturer of aircraft that has propelled the company to the forefront by virtue of customer focus, technological leadership, commercial know-how, and manufacturing efficiency. The company provides a variety of customer services that are tailored to meet the requirements of the operators across the globe. The airline has its headquarters in Toulouse. Owned by EADS, the airline is a global enterprise with nearly 52500 employees. The company has fully owned subsidiaries in China, Japan, US, and Middle East (Airbus, 2011). Economical Crises facing the aerospace Industry The aerospace industry is grappling with a number of challenges because of the capital-intensive nature of the industry and the situation has worsened with the major governments and companies of the world facing one of the worst crises in rece nt decades. The economy across the globe is anticipated to pass through tremendous economic upheaval in the forthcoming period. a. Re-Building Confidence of the Consumer The airlines across the globe reported grim earnings over the last couple of years due to a fall in the ticket sales. The commercial aviation being an essential part of the global economy the airlines across the globe are devising new ways to restore the confidence in air transport. One such way adopted by these companies is through an extensive advertisement campaign. There was a sharp fall in the airline traffic during the recent financial crisis due to the cut-back in business travel. One of the biggest problems faced by the airlines industry is the drastic fall in the demand for air transport. Despite the bailout packages almost all the air carriers have grounded air planes to limit capacity whereas some of the big airless have even retrenched workforce to prune the massive losses (The Federalist Society, 2003). To improve the demand for the air travel the companies can announce some waivers that will lower the cost of air travel thereby making this mode of travel more attractive as well as affordable. b. Security There has been a revamp of all the security standards in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attack. The necessary security measures

Project Management Processes for a Project Essay Example for Free

Project Management Processes for a Project Essay In the pursuit to deliver exceptional product software for internal users of the company, the selection of an appropriate process methodology is imperative. One of the departments noticed that the input data in the company’s internal systems did not reflect the actual data in other department systems. A project team was developed to create a new upgraded system that will sustain data from both departments successfully and accurately. The project scope of the project was to focus on the characteristics of each department particulars and merge into a workable system. The project posed certain obstacles that made the decision to which methodology processes to implement an important one. Some of these obstacles were one of the department’s incoming data that did not take the same route compared to other departments to enter the main database. This posed a problem to making sure that the updated software was able to obtain and sustain the data correctly. In addition, the findings had concluded that this particular issue was one of the main reasons for the discrepancies in the old system. The actual discrepancies of data incoming into the old system automatically would cause misrepresentation across all departments that ended up causing quite of confusion. Therefore, the need to use the appropriate process is critical to ensure that the most difficult obstacles unknowns to most would need to be addressed effectively. The process chosen was from the Project Management Institute that uses the concept of Initiate- Plan – Execute – Control – Close to complete the project. The PMI process demonstrated all the areas of focus to better identify, resolve and complete the needed tasks successfully. The usage of the processes created an opportunity to interact with the team members more directly on specific areas that are yet defined. Due to the complex implementation of technology software that needed to communicate data from two different vantage points, the PMI processes methodology allowed for means to dissect certain components effectively. The first stage of the PMI processes to initiate is actually a way to develop a research agenda, in order, to detect any unforeseen issues or concerns. The research is an area that allows all team members to address certain concerns of the project. The IT department played a pivotal role in providing their vantage point of the technology side for a measure to meet in the final analysis. The research initiative provided an opportunity to see thru the different points of view from a technical aspect that could be misinterpreted thru a different means of project processes. The research format provides the initiation to deter any misconception previously connected to the IT department or other departments that could create road-blocks. The PMI process to beginning with the initiating of the project allows for the identification of all criteria’s leading up to subsequent phases. Therefore, the activity definition went hand in hand with the research portion of the project because it reinforces the identification of the desired deliverables to stakeholders. Thereafter the focus on planning allows for the findings from the research to be a smooth transition to designate on whom, what, and when to go further. The actual planning stage assists in being able to separate the tasks from the dependent tasks to ensure completion of the deliverables. The planning stages reinforce the documented data thru the initiation for any pitfalls in successfully implementing a major system upgrade that will support over 5,000 employees. The planning phase guarantees that the next phase of execution by the team members will be conducted in an orderly process due to the initiation on researching the project. Furthermore, the control phase will secure a means to not go over budget on a major and complex project due to initiation previously set in place. The close of the project will assist in the control phases due to the ability to pull all resources together in a timely matter and on target.

Examining The Usages Of E Payment Systems Information Technology Essay

Examining The Usages Of E Payment Systems Information Technology Essay In this literature review, we will describe several aspects of e-payment system. The literature review will start by the definitions followed by theories. Next, it would continue by some dimensions of e-payment system which include the types and usages of e-payment system, processes, usage trends, benefits and risks and management of e-payment system. Finally, the literature review will conclude by the conclusion. 2.0 Definition From online encyclopedia TriasWiki (2010), e-payment or Electronic payment is any digital financial payment transaction involving currency transfer between two or more parties. Velmurgan,R.J. and Senthil,M. (2008) defined that an electronic payment is a payment services that utilize information and communications technologies including integrated circuit (IC) card, cryptography, and telecommunications networks. From the Velmurgan,R.J. and Senthil,M. (2008), the electronic payment consists of users who can in turn be subdivided into retailers and consumers depending on the transaction model adopted, issuers which included banks and other financial institutions that are providing the actual mechanisms or the means to integrate the mechanism into other financial systems, and regulators who are concerned with issues ranging from assuring the integrity of the mechanism and its operators, to the potential impact on the wider economy. According to Nochex.com (2010), e-payment is defined as an electronic payment is a payment services that utilize information and communications technologies including integrated circuit (IC) card, cryptography, and telecommunications networks. Based on Hartmann,M.E. (2006), in principle, e-payments may be defined as all payments that are initiated, processed and received electronically. One can distinguish between e-commerce retail payments (business-to-consumer or B2C payments) and e-payments amongst consumers (Private-to-Private or P2P payments), as well as electronic adoptions of traditional banking services (electronic transactions between a bank and its customers. For example, e-payments included paying for an article with a click of your mouse; settling an auction purchase via your e-mail account; buying an electronic ticket using your mobile phone. Acoording to Odlyzko (2003), e-payment is a subset of an e-commerce transaction to include electronic payment for buying and selling goods or services offered through the Internet. Generally, electronic payments referred to online transactions on the internet. Nordea Bank Finland (2005) explained that e-payment is an electronic payment method in which a buyer selects purchases and pays them within a single Internet session. The payment can be transferred to the seller immediately or on a later date. 3.0 Theories According to Basir,A.A. (2009), the e-payment usage among the consumers and its usage trends show the acceptance level of the e-payment system. The increases in the non-cash retail transactions reflect the increases acceptance of e-payment system among consumers in Malaysia. Thus, from the Basir,A.A. (2009), it shows the relationship between the usage among consumers and acceptance level of the e-payment systems. The usage and the acceptance level of e-payment systems have a linear relationship, which means that when the usage of e-payments among consumers increase, the acceptance level of e-payment systems will also increase. In other words, the higher the usage of e-payment system among consumers, the higher the acceptance level of e-payment systems among consumers. 4.0 Contents Basir,A.A. (2009) stated that the payment systems in Malaysia have been undergoing changes in recent years. Among the notable changes is the emergence of electronic-based payment systems. Both value and volume of transactions per capita use of e-payment instruments had increased in recent years. Next, we will start the literature review from the types and usages of e-payment systems. 4.1 Types and usages of e-payment systems There have appeared different types of electronic payment system in the last few years. At least dozens of electronic payment systems proposed or already in practice are found (Murthy, 2002). Murthy (2002) explained six types of electronic payment systems: PC-Banking, credit cards, electronic cheques (i-cheques), micro payment, smart cards and E-Cash. Maurer,B (2007) identified 4 types of electronic payment systems: debit and credit card, interne-based payments, mobile payments, mobile wallet, e-purses and payment through a third party. Thus, electronic payment system can be broadly classified into 5 types: Online Credit Card Payment System Singh Sumanjeet (2009) stated that this type of electronic payment system has been widely accepted by people in the world, and it is the most popular method of e-payment especially in the retail markets. This type of system is widely accepted by public, because it offers convenience for both the customer and the seller. This form of payment system has several advantages, which were never available through the traditional payment systems. Some of the most essential elements are privacy, integrity, compatibility, good transaction efficiency, acceptability, convenience, mobility, low financial risk and anonymity (Singh Sumanjeet, 2009). The process of online credit card payment system is very simple. If consumers want to purchase a product or service, they can send their credit card details to the service provider involved then they will handle this payment like any other (Singh Sumanjeet, 2009). Electronic Cheque Payment System Nowadays, millions of businesses use electronic cheque payment system, which replace the traditional paper cheques with the other vendors, consumers and government (Singh Sumanjeet, 2009). It functions using the same mechanisms as paper cheque, but in an electronic format. E-cheque transactions take place in the ways that the consumer writes the eCheque and gives the eCheque to the seller electronically. Then the seller deposits the eCheque, receives credit, and the sellers bank clears the eCheque to the paying bank. Finally, the paying bank validates the eCheque and then charges the check writers account for the cheque. E-cheque payment system offers numerous advantages like safe bank transactions on the Internet, unlimited information carrying capacity, reduced fraud risk, and automatic verification of content and validity. But, this type of payment also has several disadvantages. These include their relatively high fixed costs, their limited use only in virtual world and the fact that they can protect the users anonymity (Singh Sumanjeet, 2009). Therefore, it is not appropriate system for the use by consumers, although its useful for the government and B2B operations because the latter transactions do not require anonymity, and the amount of transactions is generally large enough to cover fixed processing cost. Electronic Cash Payment System Electronic cash (e-cash) is a new concept in electronic payment system because it combines computerized convenience with security and privacy that improve on paper cash (Singh Sumanjeet, 2009). The primary function of e-cash is to facilitate transactions on the Internet. Many of these transactions may be small in size and would not be cost efficient through other payment mediums such as credit cards. While it appears superior to other forms, E-cash will not completely replace paper currency. Use of E-cash will require special hardware, and while most people will have access, but not all will. Singh Sumanjeet identified some advantages for this electronic payment system like authority, privacy, good acceptability, low transactions cost, convenience and good anonymity. However, e-cash also has many limitations like poor mobility, poor transaction efficiency and high financial risk, as people are solely responsible for the lost or stolen (2009). Smart Cards A smart card is similar to a magnetic stripe card but contains a microprocessor chip. The first smart cards that created were prepaid telephone cards. Owing to their considerable flexibility, they have moved on for a wide range of functions like highway toll payment, student cards, electronic purses and also our identity cards: MyKad. Smart cards are essentially credit card sized plastic cards with the memory chips in them so as to serve as storage devices for much greater information than credit cards (Singh Sumanjeet, 2009). With the emergence of e-commerce, smart cards had become a particularly appropriate method to execute online payment system and it has greater level of security than credit cards. Singh Sumanjeet also states that smart cards are better protected from misuse than credit cards because the smart card information is encrypted by enter a personal identification number (PIN) code (2009). The advantages of smart cards are almost same as electronic cash payment system, its included good anonymity, transfer payment between individual parties, and low transactional handling cost. Most of the developing countries rely more on smart cards based electronic payment system although credit card is the most popular in the world. Payment through a Third Party Third party payments are person to person transactions. This type of payment is very convenient as money can be transferred without disclose any personal or financial information. All transactions happen in real time so sellers can see payments reflected in their accounts at once. When a customer intends to pay through a third party, the third party will transfers money from the account of the buyer to the seller. All this is done for a certain fee. 4.2 Process Kannen,M., Leischner,M. and Stein,T. (2003) have examined the figure of process oriented phase model for electronic payment. There are 5 phases in this model which are initialization, deployment, negotiation, payment and post payment. Generally, the first 2 phases that initialization phase and deployment phase are only function once, whereas the rest of phases have to be repeated during each payment transaction. In initialization phase, customers and merchants involve in selection of payment methods, consider the contract agreement to obtain a credit card, and choosing payment scale for billing, or the settlement of a mail order agreement according to their requirements. This method makes the participants of the payment method in the legal sense. Before signing the contract, the participants have to consider the provisions of information for the various payment operations and as well as acquire individual consultation for the specialist. In order to make e-payment system operational, customers and merchants integrate the payment methods into their existing environment technically and organizationally in deployment phase. An e-payment system provider supply technical requirements, such as software or a smart card reader, assist the participants in the system configuration through a phone hotline or on site configuration, integrate various interfaces in the merchants present IT infrastructure with important payment data. During negotiation phase of an e-payment system, customers and merchants negotiate a precise payment transaction. They can negotiate the types of payment methods based on the payment amount, cash discount, payment date, part payment options such as deposit and outstanding payment after a faultless supply, the integration of bonus systems, and the possibility of splitting the amount between various payees. This negotiation phase is relying on trustfulness between both parties, which lead to the successful of the transaction. The actual payment takes part in the payment phase. It undertakes the settlement of the payment according to the agreements in the negotiating phase. First, the participants need to authorize and confirm the payment transaction. After that, the payment data will transfer to particular payment participants such as the credit card company. The last phase in the e-payment process is post payment phase that an assigned payment is processed and completed. The after payment services includes all services, which are necessary and preferable for the further settlement of payment transactions. As an e-payment provider, it needs to verify the clearing of the payment transaction, the recording of the payment transaction, which can be seen and tracked by the user, the currency reconciliation of the merchant, the clearing of the bookkeeping entry by the merchant, the documentation of all transactions and the cancellation of consisting payment transactions by the user. Singh Sumanjeet (2009) examined that digital currency based payment system. The intermediary in this figure plays the role as an electronic bank. It converts outside money (RM) into inside money (e cash), which is circulated within electronic markets. Intermediary acts as a centralized commerce enabler maintaining membership and payment information for both sellers and buyers. A buyer need only send the seller his identification number assigned by the intermediary. Trust and security are important in every stages of e-payment process. As an initial prerequisite, all participants should have absolute trust in the process. This fundamental attitude must be underlined during each payment process again and again. The trust is essential and important for the acceptance of electronic payment. The transaction security means that the secure and reliable payment in the handling of electronic media according to defined rules. Therefore, by implementing these two elements, the successful of e-payment process can be achieved. 4.3 Usage trends of e-payment systems Gerdes,G.R. (2008) conducted surveys to estimate the number and value of electronic payments originated in the United State in 2006 by means of commonly used payment instruments. He sent the questionnaires to 73 well-established electronic payment networks, card issuers, and card processors. 89 percent of established entities had responded with information and he found that the number and value of payments processed by the non-respondents were likely very small. Thus, most of the established entities were having large number and value of electronic payments. Since the usage of electronic payments is high, the acceptance level of electronic payments by the established entities is also considered as high. Besides, Gerdes,G.R. was also sent the questionnaires to 33 emerging payments companies and the surveys were returned by 16 companies. He got the results of the reported totals for emerging payments are lower bounds for the national totals. It means that the national in United States haven fully accept the emerging payments such as the online bill payment transactions since the usage trends of emerging payments among them still low. Basir,A.A. (2009) examined the e-payment usage trends in Malaysia. According to Basir,A.A. (2009), the e-payment system has seen increasing acceptance among consumers in Malaysia since the usage and the usage trends of e-payments increased. He found that he volume of non-cash retail transactions per capita increased from 13.8 to 32.5 and the e-payments share of the total non-cash retain payments increased from 3% to 7% (from 2003 to 2007). There are several reasons caused the use of e-payment instruments increasing such as cost saving, safety and the confidence conferred from security measures of e-payment instruments. Thus, these benefits encourage more people to use the e-payment instruments and also encourage the acceptance level of e-payments by consumers. Based on the Basir,A.A. (2009), the major e-payment instrument in use in Malaysia are credit cards, internet banking and others. First, Basir,A.A. found that the usage trend of credit cards is high. Both the value and volume of transactions per capita have increased from RM1159 and 5.8 to RM2 047 and 8.7, respectively (from 2003 to 2007). Credit card is the oldest e-payment instrument in Malaysia and the consumer demand for credit made it has the high usage level. Thus, the acceptance level of credit cards relatively higher than other e-payment instruments. From the research of Basir, A.A. (2009), the usage trend of internet banking growth rapidly. The value and volume of transactions per capita increased from RM403 and 0.3 to RM2,047 and 1.5 respectively (from 2003 to 2007). In addition, the use of internet banking among internet subscribers in Malaysia increased from 59% to 85% (from 2003 to 2007). Since there are increasing trend in use of internet banking, thus the acceptance level also increase among the consumers. Charge cards, e-money and debit cards are also included to the e-payment instruments. According to Basir,A.A. (2009), the value of transactions per capita for charge cards increased from RM74.9 to RM81.7 and RM22.4 to RM59.0 for e-money. The volume of transactions per capita for e-money increased from 7.6 to 22.3, but volume of transactions per capita for charge cards was flat. Furthermore, the value of transactions per capita for debit cards showed a significant increase from RM3.5 to RM42.9. However, the volume of transaction per capita remained static. Thus, the usage of these e-payment instruments showed increased, means that the usage trends are high. It showed that the acceptance level of consumers is also high. E-payments provided many benefits to consumers and it encourages them to use these e-payment instruments and caused the acceptance level increased. According to Wilson,U. (2009), electronic payments have grown rapidly in several forms. The usage of debit cards has exploded for 27 percent of total non-cash payments in 2006. He also found that credit cards and ACH transactions have also grown dramatically. Thus, it reflected the consumers acceptance level towards e-payments systems have increasing. In a nutshell, the usage trends of e-payments are increasing among the consumers due to various benefits provided by the e-payments instruments. It also showed the acceptance level of e-payment systems has followed increasing since the usage and its usage trends of e-payment are increasing. 4.4 Benefits of e-payment systems With the growth of the Internet, electronic payment has become a popular way for consumers to pay bills and manage their accounts in home. Consumers are eliminating the trouble that often comes with filing paperwork and mailing cheques, and these substitute by keeping their records online through secure networks. Electronic payments services not only increase efficiency of businesses, but also wider choices, save cost, reduce late payments, consolidating bank relationship and provide a greener business solution to customers. Businesses and customers can choose from a range of payment instruments and channels such as credit cards, debit card, e-cash and e-cheque. The increase in the variety of electronic payment methods afford the SMEs more choices from which to choose a channel or instrument that best suits that firms market size and the level of technological, capital and labor intensity (Basir,A.A. 2009). Electronic payments also allow businesses to send invoices electronically and accept payments through Internet. This is extremely helpful for businesses that send out invoices monthly and creating a more efficient billing cycle. Basir,A.A. states that the establishment of electronic payments and other services by the government could reduce the cost of conducting business in Malaysia (2009). Besides that, eliminating paper billing altogether will reduces paper and mailing costs. The amount of savings depends on each businesss daily routines such as receiving incoming cheques and making deposits (Wilson,U. 2009). On the other hand, e-payments services also reduce cost of the consumers. With the appearance of this service, consumers can cut down transportation costs for trips to the bank. Electronic payment services have the reminders and notifications function for customers to pay their bill. A business can set up weekly or monthly reminders to their customers and clients to remind them when a bill is due. By this function that provide by e-payment service can reducing the amount of late payments that the company receive. Online payments also allow for quicker transactions, eliminating the waiting period required for a mailed check to arrive. If an organization dispersed its companies in different location, then the banking relationship will be complicated. Geographically dispersed companies often establish a bank account at each location, because this can provide convenience for their daily banking routines (Wilson,U. 2009). But an additional cost will incurred for company to maintain accounts in all its locations. Electronic payment system can removes geographic boundaries. It then eliminates the extra cost of maintaining separate accounts at different locations. Last but not least, electronic payment services are providing a greener business solution. By sending and receiving bills online, customers and businesses alike are reducing the amount of paper tossed and doing their part to help save the environment. Risks and Risk Managements E-payment system is currently continued to develop and expand in the financial market of our country, but there are some risks existing as the e-payment expanding widely. A healthy development of the system will require the cooperation by different role that include central bank, bank and customer to manage the risk and challenges. E-payment system is currently continued to develop and expand in the financial market of our country. A healthy development of the system will require the cooperation by different role that include central bank, bank and customer to manage the risk and challenges. Basir, A.A. (2009) studied how Central bank promote the development of e-payment schemes. After adopted liberalization policy, the central bank required migration to the Europay-MasterCard-Visa standard for credit cards as a crucial step to reduce fraud. Although this can curb the use of cloned domestic credit cards, however, it is less effective against credit card fraud arising from purchases made over the internet or by telephone (Bank Negara Malaysia 2007). On the other hand, central bank has issued a set of guidelines on managing fraud and risks on credit card operations to all banks. Generally, they are improving the policy and the implementation continuously in order to enhance public confidence towards the payment system. Fraud is also a risk faced by internet banking users. To mitigate it, the central bank issued guidelines that outline the minimum risk management requirements for all forms of electronic banking. In addition, government also established the Internet Banking Task Force, comprising the leading banking institutions, cyber security agency, polices and also Internet service provider company. Specific requirements were also issued to banks, such as the requirement to implement two-factor authentication for internet banking transactions. Recognizing that controls are needed to address risks facing the public from using e-money, the central bank is formulating a regulatory framework for the electronic money business. The central bank also extended its regulatory oversight to cover nonbank remittance operators as remittances that sent abroad by foreign workers in the Malaysia is correspondingly high. As part of its efforts to mitigate systemic risk in the payment system, MEPS conducts a disaster recovery exercise for three of its core service networks: the shared ATM network, e-Debit, payment for goods or services through cashless methods such as credit cards or online purchases, and Interbank GIRO (IBG), a funds transfer payment system operated by MEPS that enables consumers to transfer funds through banks across Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia 2007). The live disaster recovery exercise is to serves to familiarize the MEPS disaster recovery team, financial institutions and related service providers with the disaster recovery process. Various measures has been taken by Central Bank to make sure that the system can be maintained in a standard level and can be follow by other banks in our country. Norges Bank Report (2009) show that the new electronic payment services will involve lengthy automated processes between payers and payees. This increases complexity and involves a risk of errors that may delay or prevent completion of payments. At the same time, payment services are expected to be available at all times. Secure and stable IT operations have therefore become a major challenge for participants in the E-payment system. Ensuring rightful access to means of payment and preventing counterfeiting and fraud has always been demanding. New payment solutions pose new challenges, also with regard to security. Payment services are provided via networks. The risk for one participant is influenced by the other participants in the network, but the other participants may have little motivation for taking measures to reduce the risk of events that do not affect them. A participants willingness and capacity to reduce payment fraud thus largely depends on the extent to which the partic ipant bears the costs involved. When the participant best able to reduce fraud must also cover the cost of the fraud, the willingness to invest in measures to mitigate the risk is probably strengthened. This is taken into consideration when deciding customers liability for compensation in connection with card fraud. The less a loss can be blamed on the customer, the larger the share of the loss that must be covered by the bank. With better information concerning the extent of fraud and how it occurs, appropriate measures to reduce fraud are more likely to be implemented. Financial Supervisory Authority in some country has tightened reporting requirements for financial institutions concerning incidents that occur in the payment system (Norway- Finanstilsynet). Pin code and the contents of the cards magnetic stripe are easily stolen from point-of-sale terminals, and the information would then be used for fraudulent withdrawal or goods purchases. To overcome this issue, we can see that chip card and chip-enabled terminals has been used globally in a tremendously speed because its posses a stronger security and functions. When such events are detected, the issuing banks block the cards concerned, contact the customer and issue a new payment card. There has been a significant increase in card data theft in many countries. Losses have been low, but inconvenience to the customers and banks concerned has been substantial. Operating incidents can also give rise to problems and losses. For example, shops and other merchants will make fewer sales if customers do not have access to major payment services. For example that was happened in Norway, on Saturday 24 October 2009, the BankAxept system was inoperative for 13 minutes. This affected all mercha nts and all cards using BankAxept during a very busy period of trading. Inadequate control of account balances has also given rise to problems in connection with card use in point-of-sale terminals and ATMs. Such events generally only affect certain types of cards, certain ATMs or certain merchants. Online banking payment services are work under complex operating environments. Most of the time, it will share IT resources with other services. Any disruption that caused to the services will directly affect the procedures of payment. Access to online banking requires users to identify themselves and be authenticated before being able to make payments or carry out other operations. To guarantee a more secure and smooth transaction, banks have to spend investment in technology by providing a stable and reliable service in websites that available currently. One of the ways includes technical improvement, which is requiring customers to re-authenticate their identity for each payment. A number of new payment methods with different channels have been introduced in recent years. One example is payment via mobile telephones. Based on this concept, customer authentication can also be made more secure by combining use of mobile telephones and online banking. If an identity code is sent via the mobile telephone network, a fraudster must obtain access to data sent both via the mobile telephone network and the Internet. However, this system will become more complex when payment services are provided via a number of channels. Setting up agreements between bank and customer is challenging as different suppliers are responsible for providing different services to the same mobile telephone. From the report, it was suggested that combination of new payment method is only applicable by achieve agreements from bank, customer and the supplier. We know that payment services are dependent on uninterrupted availability of IT systems, telecommunications and power supply. Cash and various paper-based system will become basic point if the backup solutions fail when disruption occur. In that time, banks must able to handle a sufficient number of paper-based forms for payment purposes in a crisis. If cash is used as a backup solution, each participant must include capacity and procedures for increased supply of cash and cash handling in its contingency plans. Banks are obliged to allow customers to withdraw their deposits when they so request or when time deposits fall due. This obligation applies both in normal situations and in crises. Thus, a considerable plan should be build on the basis that an increased supply of cash should be able to cover a large share of purchases normally paid for by card. Besides, Central Bank must also have the capacity and availability to meet an increased demand for cash from banks. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, e-payment systems have provided various types of benefits to consumers and businesses. Although there are some risks by using the e-payments systems, but the risks are controls by the risk management strategies. Thus, the usage trends of e-payment systems are increasing among the consumers because it is a convenient and secure payment system to use by consumers.